Ch.1 (Intro To Victimology)

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Victimology

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the study of etiology (or causes) of victimization, its consequences, how the criminal justice system accommodates and assists victims, and how other elements of society, such as the media, deal with crime victims.

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Lex talionis

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an eye for an eye (the justice system operates under this principle)

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Retribution

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A criminal is punished because he or she deserved it, and the punishment is equal to the harm done.

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Restitution

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Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders.

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Code of Hammurabi

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Early Babylonian code that emphasized the restoration of equity between the offender and the victim

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victim Precepitation

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The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization

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Victim Facilitation

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When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime

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Victim provocation

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When a person is victimized a subsequent time, he or she might experience the same type of victimization previously experienced

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Hans von Hentig

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Developed a victim typology based on characteristics of the victim that increase risk of victimization

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Benjamin Mendelsohn

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"Father of victimology"; coined the term victimology in the mid 1940's.

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Stephen Schafer

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Argued that victims have a functional responsibility not to provoke others into victimizing or harming them and that they should actively attempt to prevent that from occurring.

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Marvin Wolfgang

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Used Philadelphia homicide data to conduct the first empirical investigation of victim precipation

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Sub-intentional homicide

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The victim facilitates her or his own death

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Menachem Amir

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Studied victim provocation in rapes

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National Crime survey

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First ever government sponsored victimization survey; relied on victims to recall their own victimization experiences

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women's movement

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Recognized the need for female victims of crime to receive special attention and help due to the fact that victimization's such as sexual assault and domestic violence are byproducts of sexism, traditional sex roles, emphasis on traditional family values, and the economic subjugation of women.

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Civil rights movement

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Advocated against racism and discrimination, noting that all Americans have rights that are protected by the U.S. Constitution

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victims right movement

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Movement centered on giving victims a voice in the criminal justice system and providing them rights

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cost of victimization/crime

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Mental, physical, and monetary loss that victims of crime incur