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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ventral
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refers to the belly or the underside of a body or body part; head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, tail
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Dorsal
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refers to the back; head, neck, thorax, abdomen or tail
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Cranial
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towards the head-pertaining to the head; position on the body is towards the head
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Caudal
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towards the tail-pertaining to the tail; position on the body is closer to the tail
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Anterior
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towards the front of the body; regarding the limbs
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Posterior
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towards the rear of body; regarding the limbs
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Rostral
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pertaining to the nose end of the head
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Midline
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aka median, midsagittal; imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves
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Medial
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pertaining to the middle; towards the middle
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Lateral
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pertaining to the side; away from the midline
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Superior
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uppermost or above; upper portion of the jaw (maxilla)
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Inferior
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lowermost or below; lower portion of the jaw (mandible)
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Adjacent
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next to; close to or adjoining
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Proximal
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closer to the midline of the body; away from the center of the body relative to another point
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Distal
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away from the midline of the body; away from the center of the body relative to another point
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Oblique
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at an angle
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Superficial/external
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near the surface
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Deep/internal
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away from the surface
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Peripheral
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pertaining to, or situated near the periphery; outermost part, or the surface of an organ or body part
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Palmar
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the bottom of the front foot or hoof (underside); refers to anything distal to the carpus *FORELIMBS*
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Plantar
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the bottom of the rear foot or hoof (underside); refer to anything distal to the tarsus/hock *HINDLIMBS*
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Prone
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position of the animal lying on their abdomen, face down, legs extended; ventral recumbency / sternal recumbency
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Recumbent
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lying down
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Median/Midsagittal Plane
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aka midline; a plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves; cuts the body longitudinally
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Sagittal Plane
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a plane that is parallel to the median plane and divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left body parts
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Frontal/Dorsal Plane
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a plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts; not necessarily equal
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Transverse Plane
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aka cross-sectional or horizontal plane; a plane that is perpendicular to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
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Longitudinal
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a general term referring to a section cut the length of the body or organ
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abduction
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to move away from the midline
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adduction
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to move towards the midline, (memory trick: "add" to the body)
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flexion
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to bend a joint or reduce the angle between two bones
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hyperflexion
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flexed too far
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extension
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to straighten a joint or increase the angle between two bones
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hyperextension
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extended too far
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supination
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the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned upwards
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pronation
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the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the ventral surface is turned downwards
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rotation
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means the circular movement around an axis
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dorsal recumbency (supine)
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on back; ventral/dorsal or V/D (beam in to ventral, beam out dorsally)
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ventral recumbency (prone, sternal recumbency)
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lay flat on belly with arms extended and head extended; dorsal/ventral (D/V) (beam in to dorsal, beam out ventral)
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right lateral recumbency
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animal on right side, legs extended
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left lateral recumbency
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dog on left side, legs extended
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opposite of VENTRAL
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DORSAL
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opposite of MEDIAL
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LATERAL
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opposite of ANTERIOR
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POSTERIOR
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Prefix
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word part added to the beginning of a word to create a new word; usually indicates a number, location, time or status (eg. BIlateral - 2 or double OR DISinfection - free from)
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Root Word
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word part that gives the essential meaning of the word (eg. CARDiac - heart, GASTRic - stomach; hyperTHYROIDism - thyroid)
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Combining Form
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combination of the root word and a combining vowel (eg. Panleukopenia: prefix = pan = all; combining form = leuk/o = white; suffix = penia = deficiency; reduction in number. Therefore Panleukopenia is a deficiency of all types of white blood cells)
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Combining Vowel
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single vowel, usually "o", that is added to the end of a root to make the word easier to pronounce
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Suffix
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word part added to the end of the word to give it a new meaning; usually indicates procedure, condition, disease or disorder (eg. cystoCENTESIS - a surgical procedure to remove fluid; eg. carcinOMA - tumour)
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Name the prefix, combining form and suffix for PANLEUKOPENIA
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prefix = pan = all; combining form = leuk/o = white; suffix = penia = deficiency; reduction in number. therefore: Panleukopenia is a deficiency of all types of white blood cells.
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What are the rules for usage of combining vowels?
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1. The combining vowel is used when a suffix begins with a consonant (eg. -scope, arthroscope), 2. A combining vowel is NOT used when a suffix begins with a vowel (eg. -itis, gastritis)
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What is the combining form for: ABDOMEN
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abdomin/o
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What is the combining form for: abomasum
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abomas/o
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What is the combining form for: gland
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aden/o
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What is the combining form for: blood vessel
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angi/o
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What is the combining form for: bronchi
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bronch/o
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What is the combining form for: cervix
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cervic/o
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What is the combining form for: conjunctiva
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conjunctiv/o
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What is the combining form for: feces
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copr/o
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What is the combining form for: cranium, skull
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crani/o
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What is the combining form for: teeth
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dent/o
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What is the combining form for: gingiva (gums)
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gingiv/o
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What is the combining form for: tissue
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hist/o
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What is the combining form for: cornea
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kerat/o (think: *carrot* being good for the eyes)
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What is the combining form for: abdomen, abdominal wall, flank
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lapar/o
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What is the combining form for: fat
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lip/o (think: *liposuction*)
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What is the combining form for: mammary glands
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mamm/o OR mast/o (think: *mammography* OR *mastectomy*)
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What is the combining form for: eye
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ocul/o (think: *ocular*)
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What is the combining form for: nails, hoof or claw
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onych/o
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What is the combining form for: ear
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ot/o
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What is the combining form for: pelvis
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pelv/o
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What is the combining form for: hair
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pil/o (eg. *piloerection* of hair)
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What is the combining form for: bones
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oste/o
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What is the combining form for: joints
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arthr/o
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What is the combining form for: cartilage
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chondr/o (eg: *chondroitin*)
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What is the combining form for: muscles
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my/o
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What is the combining form for: fascia
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fasc/i or fasci/o
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What is the combining form for: tendons
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ten/o or tend/o
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What is the combining form for: heart
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cardi/o
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What is the combining form for: arteries
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arteri/o
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What is the combining form for: veins
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ven/o OR phleb/o (eg *phlebotamist*)
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What is the combining form for: blood
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hem/o OR hemat/o
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What is the combining form for: lymph vessels, fluid, and nodes
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lymph/o
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What is the combining form for: tonsils
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tonsill/o
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What is the combining form for: spleen
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splen/o
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What is the combining form for: thymus
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thym/o
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What is the combining form for: nose or nares
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nas/o OR rhin/o (eg. *nasal*, *rhinoplasty*)
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What is the combining form for: Pharynx
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pharyng/o
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What is the combining form for: Trachea
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trache/o
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What is the combining form for: Larynx
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laryng/o
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What is the combining form for: Lungs
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pneum/o OR pneumon/o
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What is the combining form for: mouth
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or/o OR stomat/o (eg. *stomatitis* is a disorder effecting the mouth)
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What is the combining form for: Esophagus
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esophag/o
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What is the combining form for: Stomach
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gastr/o
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What is the combining form for: Small intestine
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enter/o
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What is the combining form for: Large intestine
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col/o OR colon/o
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What is the combining form for: Liver
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hepat/o (eg. *hepatitis*)
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What is the combining form for: Pancreas
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pancreat/o
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What is the combining form for: kidneys
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ren/o OR nephr/o
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What is the combining form for: Ureters
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ureter/o
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What is the combining form for: Urinary bladder
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cyst/o
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What is the combining form for: urethra
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urethr/o
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What is the combining form for: nerves
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neur/o OR neur/i
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What is the combining form for: brain
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encephal/o
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What is the combining form for: spinal cord
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myel/o
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What is the combining form for: eyes
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opthalm/o OR ocul/o OR opt/o OR opt/i
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What is the combining form for: sight
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optic/o
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What is the combining form for: ears
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ot/o OR aur/i OR aur/o OR aud/i
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What is the combining form for: Integumentary System (skin)
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dermat/o OR derm/o OR cutane/o
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What is the combining form for: adrenals
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adren/o
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What is the combining form for: Gonads
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gonad/o
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What is the combining form for: Pituitary
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pituit/o
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What is the combining form for: Thyroid
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thyroi/o OR thyr/o
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What is the combining form for: testes
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orch/o OR orchi/o OR orchid/o OR testicul/o
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What is the combining form for: Ovaries
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ovari/o
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What is the combining form for: Uterus
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hyster/o OR metr/o OR metr/i OR metri/o OR uter/o
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What is the combining form for: radius of, radiation
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Radi/o
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What is the combining form for: retina
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Retin/o
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What is the combining form for: nose
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Rhin/o
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What is the combining form for: thorax
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thorac/o
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What is the combining form for: urinary system
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Ur/o
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What is the combining form for: viscera (organ)
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viscer/o
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What is the combining form that relates to animals
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Zo/o
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