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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When Radiographing a long bone, what shoukld be included in the view?
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Joints at both ends and centered over the beam
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Markers should be placed to the _______ side when an extremity is being radiographed in a craniocaudal view?
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Lateral
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Lateral views of extremity are marked on the _______ side of the extremity?
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Cranial
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When labeling a radiograph with a position, the first letter states where the beam______ and the second letter indicates where the beam ________?
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Enters body/Exits body
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When you take a DV thorax what recumbency is the patient in?
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Sternal recumbency with thoracic vertebrae superimposed over sternum
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List 2 ways to reduce patient stress
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1. Move slow using calm firm voice
2. Start the rotor first so animal can get use to sound |
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What does the "R" or "L" marker tell you when taking a lateral thorax or abdominal radiograph?
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Identifies which side the animal is laying on
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Thoracic films should always be taken at peak______phase?
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inspiration
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Abdominal films should always be taken at peak ______ phase?
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Expiration
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When taking a thoracic film what landmarks should be included
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from the line of the manubrium sterni, caudally to the first lumbar vertebral body
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When radiographing the pharynx, where do you measure?
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at level of base of skull
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When taking a film of a dogs abdomen, where should the primary beam be centered?
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Over caudal aspect of thirteenth rib
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When taking a film of a cat's abdomen where should the beam be centered?
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center beam two to three fingerbreadths caudal to thirteenth rib
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When taking a fim of a limb which 2 views do you take?
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Latera and Cranial/Caudal views
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What can be used to split the film?
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Lead rubber strips or lead gloves
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How would you orient the limb on a split film?
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always orient anatomy in the same direction
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Why do you need the anatomic area of interest as close to the film as possible?
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To reduce distortion and magnification
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When taking a film of the stifle the radiograph should include?
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1/3 of the bones distal and proximal to the joint
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Why do you create the smallest field possible when taking a radiograph?
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Collimation reduces scatter radiation which reduces contrast
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Term used to describe part of the forelimb toward the head?
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Dorsal
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Most important way to reduce amount of radiation exposure to you and patient?
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Avoid retakes
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Product of mA and ________ gives you mAs?
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seconds
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Cathode
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negatively charged electrode that provides a source of electrons
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Collimator
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restricting device within the tube used to control the size of the primary x-ray beam
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Term used to describe part of the rear limb toward the tail and distal to the tarsus?
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Plantar
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Magnification
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distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears larger than actual size
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Foreshortening
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when the image appears shorter than actual size due to plane of interest not being parallel to film surface
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Elongation
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the image appears longer than actual size, due to x-ray beam not being directed perpendicular to film surface
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kVp setting controls
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Quality of the x-ray beam
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mAs setting controls
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Quantity of the electrons emitted
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In a lateral pelvic film the affected limb should be
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closest to the film and pulled slightly cranially
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When radiographing a lateral shoulder or humerus, to get maximum detail you must
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extend head and neck dorsally, pull effected limb cranially, and pull contralateral limb caudally
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If femurs in a VD pelvis appear foreshortened this is likely due to
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not having the femurs parallel to the cassette
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The "palmar" surface of the forelimb refers to
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the caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the carpus
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When taking lateral thoracic films the spine and sternum are
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Equidistant from the table (distant by equal amounts from two or more places)
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Extremity radiographs should be taken with the film cassette
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on the table top
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How do you determine the correct settings when taking a radiograph
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measure the animal in cm and use the technique chart
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Purpose of the grid
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reduce scatter radiation
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Intensifying screens
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fluorescent sheets of plastic that firmly hold the light sensative film in place
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X-rays are converted to visible light by the
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phospher crystals
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Potter Bucky grid
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prevents scatter radiaiton from reaching film, allows better contrast and definition. Moves during exposure so that no lines appear in radiograph
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Why are the elements of "rare earth" screens called rare earth
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these elements are difficult and expensive to seperate from the earth and from each other
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What other element is used in making intensifying screens
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Calcium tungstate
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What is the advantage of rare earth screens compared to intensifying screens
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x-ray to light conversion efficiency is greater than that of calcium tungstate
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What type of screens do we use in lab
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rare earth screens
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What does a processed piece of film look like if it has not been exposed to radiation or light
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clear
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which stage of the developing process removes unexposed silver halide crystals
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Fixation
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How do you avoid geometric distortion
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subject must be parallel to the image receptor and the tube head perpendicular to the body part
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Which exposure factor has the most effect on density
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mAs the higher the mAs,the greater the density
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Which exposure factor has the greatest effect on contrast
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kVp the higher the Kvp,the greater the contrast
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The speed of the screens film is determined by the size of the _________
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crystals
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Restricting device within the tube used to control the size of the primary x-ray beam is called the
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collimator
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Heel-effect
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unequal distribtion of the x-ray beam intensity
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Intensity is strongest toward the _________ side
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Cathode
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Density
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Degree of darkness or blackness on a radiograph
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The energy of electrons interacting with the target on the anode is converted to 99% _______ and 1%________
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heat/roentgen radiation
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Where is the filament found in the x-ray tube
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Cathode in the focusing cup
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What is the function of the filament
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when heated, releases electrons from their orbit. When energy level exceeds the binding energy, a cloud of electrons is formed and made available to travel to the anode
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Which 2 metals are used to create the target in the anode
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Tungsten & Copper
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What is the purpose of the tungsten and copper
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Tungsten can withstand and disipate high temps
Copper acts as a conductor of heat and draws the heat away from the tungsten target if the heat was not removed the metal on the target would melt |
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The silver halide crystals in fim that has been exposed to fluorescent light are changed to _____________ in the developer when processed
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black metallic silver
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Why are rtotating anode x-ray machines more powerful than stationary anode machines
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Stationary anode has inability to withstand large amounts of heat
The rotating anode can withstand high temps due to the rotation providing a larger surface for electron stream |
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How does excessive heat damage the x-ray tube
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excessive heat can damage the target causing pitting causing the x-rays produced from that area to scatter in undesirable directions. x-rays from this area appear lighter
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How do you compensate for patient movement
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increase mA and decrease time
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Why is the presence of air in the glass envelope a problem
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this results in decreased # of x-rays produced at the target area which gives you the inability to control exposure factors necessary for a quality radiograph
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Sante's rule
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method of estimating kilovoltage in relation to area thickness (2xthickness)+40=kVp
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What is Sante's rule used for
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determines an approximate amount of kilovoltage necessary for a given anatomic area on the basis of measurement and grid being used
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Which factor increases penetrating power of x-rays
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kilovoltage peak kVp
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Describe what is happening inside the x-ray tube during the 1st and 2nd step of the switch
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the first step of the switch turns on the rotor the second step of the switch takes the x-ray
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A higher kVp setting allows for a ________mA and _______ exposure time
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lower/shorter
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List the five steps in order of film processing
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1. Developing
2. Rinsing or stop bath 3. Fixing 4. Washing 5. Drying |
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The term radiographic technique refers to
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the machines exposure settings(e.g., kVp, mAs) during a given examination
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True or false The small filament may melt more rapidly than the large filament if an excess load is placed on it
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True
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T or F Always place the thinnest part of the area you are radiographing toward the cathode side of the x-ray tube
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False
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If you take a thoracic radiograph at 50kVp and 100 mA at 1/10 second and the pets breathing caused his chest to move making the image blurry how can you correct this motion?
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Physical or chemical restraint, give a short quick blow on the nose can stop panting, use the highest miliamperage possible 300mA, creating a short time exposure. 1/120
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Care of image-intensifying screens involves
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cleaning them with a special solution or 70% alcohol at least once monthly or whenever artifacts are seen on them
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T or F In general image-intensifying screens are fragile and are easily ruined by placing film in them when they are damp or by splashing darkroom chemcals onto them
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True
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What is the most common cause of error or artifact in veterinary radiography
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Patient movement
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T or F Both hand processing and automatic film processing require the use of fresh solutions and well-ventilated darkroom
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True
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T or F Film should be handled carefully and held only by the corners while loading and unloading
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True
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x-ray film recycling and special units attached to fixer tanks allow the recovery of _______ , a valuable and reusable substance
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silver
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__________, __________, __________, must be optimized to produce an image of diagnostic quality
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radiographic detail, radiographic contrast, radiographic density
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This refers to the number of shades of gray in an image and is most affected by kilovoltage used during time exposure
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radiographic contrast
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This is most efected by movement or placing the body part to be radiographed too far from the film
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radiographic detail
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This term refers to how black a film is overall, that is, whether the film is overexposed, or ideally exposed
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radiographic density
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Why is the A in mAs always capitalized
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refers to Andre M. Ampere the physicist who discovered electric currents
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How often should the developer and fixer solutions used to hand-process radiographs be changed
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when developer turns brown to green
Fixer has no color change guaged on "clearing time" If fixation time is greater than 2-3 mins beyond normal Biological growth mold or slime biuldup every 4-6 weeks |
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During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the ___________ to the __________.
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Cathode/Anode
CAT:cathode->anode->target |
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when depressing the "prep" switch on the rotating anode x-ray machine you are
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Heating up the filament and spinning the rotating anode
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regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube the _______ includes the filament and focusing cup
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cathode
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Wat transformer in the x-ray machine controls the temperature of the filament
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Stepdown transformer
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The main purpose of the developer is to
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convert exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver
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Main purpose of the x-ray fixer is to
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clear away unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals
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A bullet fragment on a film appears as a
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white mark
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a small filament produces an image of
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greater detail than a large filament
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You are about totake a radiograph and you want to confirm that you have set the correct mAs of 15 how will you get this
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300 mA and 1/120th second
300/20= 15 |
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Scatter radiation is more noticeable on a film if there is
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Higher kVp, thicker patient and larger field size
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To get more density on a film you should do what to the kVp and mAs
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Increase either or both
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Safelight fogging on a radiograph appears as
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Diffuse grayish area
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Because of the relationship between mA and mAs, as you increase the mA you can ______________________
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decrease the length of exposure so there is less chance of movement
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when setting up an abdominal technique chart what is not standard
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kVp used
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Eposure factor that is responsible for accellerating the electrons from the cathode to the anode
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kilovoltage (kVp)
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which exposure factor controls the temp of the cathode filament
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miliamperage (mA)
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A table-top nongrid technique is used to radiograph the
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extremity
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what is Sante's rule used to calculate
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kVp
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if the mA is set at 300 and the time is set at 1/60, what is the mAs
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5 300/60=5
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T or F X-rays are dangerous to the unprotected user and ultrasound waves are harmless
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True
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Ultrasound produces a more detailed image of bone than radiography T or F
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False
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which transducer do you choose for an abdominal ultrasound of an adult Chihuahua that weighs 5kg
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7.5 MHz
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Echogenicity in relation to ultrasonography is defined as
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strength or amplitude of the returning echoes, indication of the liquid or solid composition of tissue
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An echogenic ultrasound image is_________ the surrounding structures
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relatively brighter than
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An area of darkness that occurs deep to very dense material, such a bone, is known as
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shadowing
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For which structures is diagnostic ultrasound suitable
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Abdominal organs, tendons, eyeballs
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If a brain tumor is suspected, which mode best identify the lesion
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computed tomography
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What method of diagnostic imaging evaluates cardiac wall and valvular movement in real time
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ultrasonography, M-mode
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What can be detected via ultrasound
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hepatic masses & paristalsis
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Anechoic tissue reflects more echoes than hyperchoic tissues
T or F |
False
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Echogenicity of tissues is an indication of the liquid or solid composition of the tissue T or F
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True
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Abdominal ultrasound is easy to interpret because all abdominal organs have equal acoustic impedence
T or F |
False
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If a tissue is hypoechoic it will show up on the screen _________
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blk/grey
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If a tissue is hyperechoic it will show up on the screen_______
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White
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Acoustic shadowing
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artifact echo-free zone created distal to the imaged organ/ when soundwaves hit a highly reflective tissue that prevents sound from being transmitted to greater depths
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What can cause acoustic shadowing
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Bone
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What will NOT produce a hot spot in nuclear scintigraphy
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Bone necrosis
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All hard copies of radiographs, CT, ultrasounds, MRI, studies are ________, _________
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hospital's property & part of the patients record
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A urine filled bladder is usually a best classified as
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anechoic
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which imaging method is best suited to the production of a continuous, moving image
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Fluoroscopy
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An imaging technique that uses x-rays and computers to produce images that show anatomy in cross section
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Computed tomography
(CT) |
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Modality used to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors and is used in bone scanning
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Nuclear medicine
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Use of a powerful magnet in this diagnostic modality precludes the use of metal objects on or near the patient
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Most common veterinary use of this modality is in brain and spinal cord imaging
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), & Computed tomography (CT)
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Presence of radioactivity in patients treated with this modality requires the vet tech to insist on comprehensive instruction in radiation principles and safety
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Nuclear medicine
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Why is hair removal and generous anmount of gel an important part of prep for ultrasound
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100% of sound is reflected when ultrasound beam intersects hair, trapping air. Gel is beneficial to displace air and couple the transducer to the skin
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A bladder stone is hyperechoic. What type of image does this project on the ultrasound
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stone would appear white
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What is the optimal, earliest time to detect pregnancy by ultrasound in dog or cat
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30 days after last breeding
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Nuclear scintigraphy
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It involves administering radionuclides (radioactive elements called isotopes or tracers) which are usually attached (tagged) to drugs that travel to a specific organ in the body. The radionuclides emit gamma radiation which can be imaged with a specialized machine called a gamma camera.
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Name 3 organs or tissues that can be tested with nuclear scintigraphy
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Thyroid, bone, liver
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Attenuation
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A reduction of intensity of a radiation as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium.
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Compare attenuation of water and air
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Air scatters sound and water transmits sound with little attenuation or reflection this lack of attenuation creates distant enhancement, an ultrasound artifact that indicates the presence of fluid
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Distance enhancement
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artifact, increased sound intensity beyond a fluid-filled, anechoic area, created by absence of attenuation of the sound beam as it passes through the fluid
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Distal enhancement example
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The baldder filled with anechoic urine, there is a hyperechogenic stone with acoustic shadowing beneath and distance enhancement on either side of the shadow distal to the bladder
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Which type of contrast media can be used for any type of contrast examination including oral, urogenital, intravenous, intraarterial, or intrathecal
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Soluble, non-ionic, radiopaque media such as Iohexol
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The risk of life-threatening reactions necessitates the placement of intravenous catheters and constant monitoring when using radiographic contrast agents__________ or__________
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intravascularly, or intrathecally
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Upper gastrointestinal study
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Technique in which a radiographic contrast agent is administered orally and a series of abdominal films taken immediatley and at 15, 20, and 60 min intervals until the contrast reaches the beginningof the large intestine is known as
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Intravenous pyelogram or IVP
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radiographic evaluation of the kidneys using contrast media intravenously
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Which contrast agent should never be injected into the urinary bladder
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Barium sulfate
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Survey films are:
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Radiographs taken w/o the use of contrast media
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What is the purpose of a survey film
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Taken to check imaging technique factors to be used
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Radiopaque media is said to be
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Positive/white
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Radiolucent media is said to be
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Negative/black
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Give example of radiopaque/positive media
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barium sulfate
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Give an example of radiolucent/negative contrast media
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nitrous oxide
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How does a radiopaque/positive contrast media appear on a radiograph
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they appear white, similar to bone
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How does radiolucent/negative contrast media appear on a radiograph
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they appear black
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Why is it sometimes helpful to use both pos/neg contrast media together
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Double contrast study gives optimal mucosal detail and avoids the masking of small anomilies by large volumes of positive contrast media
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Double contrast study
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use of neg and pos contrast media together at the same time
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Which pos contrast media is suitable to be injected intravenously
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triiodinated compounds
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Example of a procedure which requires contrast media injected intravenously
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Venous or arterial studies
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Which contrast media is most effective for studies of the GI tract
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Barium sulfate
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What is a contraindication for using Barium sulfate
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patients with sever constipation or upper/lower bowel perforations
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What patient prep is necessary prior to contrast study of GI
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Fast for 12-24 hours, may be given a GI cleansing agent, warm water enema
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All you have in stock is liquid barium. the vet has asked you to perform an esophagography on a dog. What could help bulk up the liquid barium
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mix with food
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Gastrography is used to evaluate the size, shape, position, and morphology of what structure__________
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Stomach
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What view is contraindicated during an esophagography and why
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Ventodorsal; potential for aspiration
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What is the time period siggested for fasting an animal prior to GI contrast study
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12-24 hours
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An IVP or IVU both look at structure and function of what system
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Kidney structure and collection system
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Angiography consists of a bolus injection if iodinated contrast media into the __________ system
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Vascular
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Why is general anesthesia and atropine contraindicated for gastrointestinal contrast studies
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to induce gastric hypomotility
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Why is carbon dioxide safer than room air for negative contrast studies
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The increased soluability is less likely to cause serious air embolization
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Cystography
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Radiographic contrast studies evaluating urinary bladder
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Urography
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an intravenous radiographic contrast study of the kidneys and ureters
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Pneumocystogram
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negative contrast radiograph technique of the urinary bladder after injection of air or gas.
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Cholecytography
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oral or intravenous contrast study evaluating the bile ducts and gull bladder
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Myelography
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contrast study evaluating the subarachnoid space surrounding the spnal cord
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Fistulography
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pos/neg contrast study used to determine the depth and origin of a fistulous tract
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Fistula
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A Fistula is a permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body
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What steps are necessary to prep for an equine radiograph
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remove dirt and surface artifacts from hair
Wipe dry remove water/liquid Remove shoe trim overgrowth Sole and clefts picked & scrubbed clean Pack sole with radiotranslucent material (play-do) |
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Why do we use positioning block in large animal radiology
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It is necessary to raise the animals foot because the x-ray tube cannot be dropped to floor level the block can also serve as a cassette holder
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Why do we use a cassette tunnel in lg animal
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For certain views the patient must be standing on top of cassette this is too much weight so a tunnel makes this possible w/o damage to equipment
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Why is it sometimes beneficial to elevate the opposite leg when taking lg animal radiograph
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this is done when sedation is not possible and animal is restless. Lifting the off leg restricts animals movement
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The cervical spine runs along the ___________ portion of the equine neck
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ventral
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It is uncommon but possible to take abdominal and thoracic radiographs of a bovine or equine on the farm T or F
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False
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What is the difference in placement of the cassette between the dorsopalmar view and the lateral view of the proximal phalanges
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Lateral- casssette placed next to medial aspect of foot and should be on and perpendicular to floor
Dorsopalmar- cassette placed behind the limb parallel to phalanges |
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Compare and contrast the angle of the x-ray tube/head and exposure factors when taking a dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar oblique view of the pedal bone and the same view of the navicular bone
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Oblique pedal bone- x-ray tube angled 45 degrees to ground & directed @ hoof wall higher exposure factors are necessary to visualize area where the navicular bone and the 2nd phalynx are superimposed
Oblique navicular bone- standing on cassette x-ray beam angled 65 degrees toward middle of second pahlanx standing on block- x-ray beam directed parallel to the ground |
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Where is cassette placed for lateral view of elbow
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firmly against the lateral aspect of the limb, with the elbow joint centered to the cassette. The cassette should remain perpendicular to the floor
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Where is cassette placed for craniocaudal view of the elbow
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long edge of cassette is pressed firmly against the thorax @ caudal aspect of elbow. with the cassette pressed into the rib cage the medial portion should be in field of view
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Where is beam centered for skyline view of carpus
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through row of carpal bones of interest
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Where is beam centered for lateral stifle
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over shoulder joint
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Why is sedation needed for radiographs of the incisors of the horse
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it is an intraoral view meaning the cassette goes into the horses mouth
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When radiographing the proximal phalanges of a horse the x-ray beam is directed__________ for the lateral view and _________ for the dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar view
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horizontally/30-45 degree angle to floor
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Equine splint bones are also known as the
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2nd and 4th metacarpals/metatarsals
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For a dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar view of the fetlock the cassette is placed medial to the limb and perpendicular to the floor T or F
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False
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whan taking a dorsoplantar view of the hock the cassette should be held against the plantar aspect of the hock and ____________ to the floor
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perpendicular
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Name 2 devices used to protect assistant from radiation during a lateral view of sistal phalanx
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Cassette holding device
Appropriate lead attire |
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If a radiograph is too light and under penetrated how should you adjust technique
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Increase kVp 10-15%
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If radiograph is too dark, but has adequate penetration how should you adjust technique
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Decrease mAs by 30-50%
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What is the thickness of lead impregnated rubber lining protective apparel in veterinary?
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> 0.5 lead thickness
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How does chemical restraint reduce the exposure to personnel?
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The animal should be sedated allowing the operator to be shielded behind the wall of control booth or behind leaed screen during exposure. Tech can step away from table
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Name 3 types of devices used to measure human exposure to radiation.
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1.Pocket ionization chamber
2. Film badge dosimeter 3 Thermoluminescent dosimeter |
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How is human exposure to radiation monitored in vet meds?
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Dosimeter Badge
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List 4 ypes of somatic damage caused by radiation exposure
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1. Caner
2. Cataracts 3. Aplastic Anemia 4. Sterility |
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The bodies cells are all about equally sensative tor radiation
T or F |
False
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Genetic damage is not detectable until future generations are produced?
T or F |
True
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Restraint personnel are often exposed to the primary beam?
T or F |
False
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Scatter radiation is produced by the primary beam interacting with the anode?
T or F |
False
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Animals' cells are not as susceptible to damage from radiation as human cells?
T or F |
False
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Coning Down reduces scatter radiation?
T or F |
True
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Radiaiton can affect the bidy's ability to produce red and white blood cells?
T or F |
True
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It is allowed to have children under the age of 18 help with radiographs on their own animals, if parents give written permission?
T or F |
False
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Name 5 important protection practices essential for reducing x-ray exposure to safe levels.
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1.Positioning Aids
2.Protective clothing and barriers 3.Monitoring device 4.Observe quality control measures 5.Use of technique charts |
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Roentgens, rads, and rems are:
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Terms used to measure radiation exposure
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A film badge that measures amounts of radiation to which vet personnel are exposed is best worn:
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Outside the lead apron on the collar at the level of the thyroid gland
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In addition to providing proper positioning and immobilization, the most important reason to use restraint devices such as sandbags, wooden blocks, and cassette holders is to reduce radiation exposure to personnel taking the radiograph
T or F |
True
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List the information legally required to fill out an ID label on a radigraph
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1.Name and address of the hospital, practice, or veterinarian
2. Date radiograph was taken 3.Patient identification including name of the owner and patient name, age, sex, breed |
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List 3 ways you would inspect safety gear
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1.Visually- every time it is used
2.Manually-quarterly 3.Radiographically-quarterly |
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What does MPD stand for?
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Maximum permissable dose
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The darkroom safelight should be at least _______ feet away from the work site?
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4
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The maximum intensity of the bulb in the safelight of the darkroom should be _____ watts and _____ in color?
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15 watts/red colored
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A sievert (Sv) is the?
|
Unit of radiation dose equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue
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|
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What is the MPD for occupoational personnel per year?
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0.05 Sv/year (5 rem/year)
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A radiation film badge worn at the collar level:
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Monitors exposure of the thyroid gland and lenses of the eye
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For proper radiographic exposure, one should take it at maximum:
|
Expiration for abdomen and inspiration for the thorax
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The cranial and caudal borders for th lateral abdomen should be?
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8th rib and femoral head
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Elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with?
|
Geometric distortion
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An x-ray exposed to x-ray or visible light radiation and developed wuld appear?
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Black
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An x-ray accidentally developed before exposure to radiation appears?
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Clear
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A new x-ray film taken directly from the box appears:
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Green
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The workplace program that has been developed t ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible:
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ALARA
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ALARA stands for
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As low as reasonably achievable
|
|
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kVp controls
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Quality
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mA controls
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Quantity
|
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Radioghraphic Contrast
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difference between 2 adjacent radiographic densities
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|
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Subject contrast
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difference in density and mass between 2 anatomic structures influenced by thickness and sensity
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|
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In a lateral view of an extremity the markers are placed?
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On the cranial aspect of limb
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Contrast is influenced by:
|
Subject contrast
kVp level Scatter radiation Film Type Film fog (light exposure) |
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Levels of density High to low
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Gas- High (Dark)
Fat Water Bone Metal- Low (light) |
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Factors that affect Density
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Total # of x-rays that reach film
Penetrating power of x-rays that reach film Developing Time Temp of developer |
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|
Scatter Radiation Increased by:
|
Increased kVp
Increased thickness of body part Increased size of field |
