Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the spinal column?
|
aka vertebral column; made up of a series of individual irregular bones called vertebrae that extend from the skull to the tail.
|
|
|
What 5 regions is the spinal column divided into?
|
1. cervical (neck)
2. thorax (chest) 3. Lumbar (abdomen) 4. Sacral (pelvis) 5. coccygeal caudal (tail) |
|
|
What does the typical vertebra consist of?
|
body, arch, group of processes
|
|
|
What are vertebral disks?
|
the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by these little cartilage "shock absorbers"
|
|
|
What is the spinal canal?
|
Dorsal to the body of a vertebra is a hollow arch, when the arches of all the vertebrae are lined up, they form a long, flexible "tunnel" called the spinal canal that houses and protects the spinal cord
|
|
|
Vertebrae usually have some combination of three kinds of processes, what are they?
|
1. Spinous Process
2. Transverse Process 3. Articular Processes |
|
|
What is the spinous process?
|
a single dorsally projecting process
|
|
|
What is the Transverse process?
|
there are two laterally projecting bone and vary in size among vertebrae and act as sites for muscle attachment and leverage to move the spine and trunk.
|
|
|
What are the articular processes?
|
are located on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral arches and help form the joints between adjacent vertebrae. In book, known as Pre and Post Zygopophysis.
|
|
|
Vertebral Formula for Cat?
|
C-7 T-13 L-7 Sacral-3 Coccygeal-0-23
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cy0-23 |
|
|
Vertebral Formula for Cattle?
|
C-7 T-13 L-6 Sacral-6 Coccygeal-18-20
|
|
|
Vertebral Formula for Dog?
|
C-7 T-13 L-7 Sacral-3 Coccygeal-0-23
|
|
|
Vertebral Formula for Horse?
|
C-7 T-18 L-6 Sacral-5 Coccygeal-15-21
|
|
|
What is Cervical 1 or C-1 usually called? and describe.
|
the Atlas; it has two large, wing like transverse processes that can be palpated just behind the skulls of most animals.Has no vertebral body. consists of a long bony ring that the spinal cord passes through.
|
|
|
What is the Cervical 2 called or C-2? describe.
|
the axis; just caudal to the atlas is the second cervical vertebrae-axis. most prominent features are its large, bladelike spinous process that projects up dorsally and the peg like "dens" (odontoid process) that fits into the caudal end of the atlas. The rest are just normal.
|
|
|
Where are the Thoracic vertebrae located?
|
dorsal to the thorax
|
|
|
What is the number of thoracic vertebrae the same as?
|
the number of pairs of ribs the animal has.
|
|
|
What are the most characteristic features of thoracic vertebrae?
|
their tall spinous processes and their lateral articular facets, which form joints with the heads of the ribs.
|
|
|
Where are the Lumbar vertebrae located?
|
dorsal to the abdominal region.
|
|
|
What is special about the Lumbar?
|
they are the most massive-looking bones of the spinal column.
|
|
|
Why are Lumbar vertebrae large and bulky?
|
bc they have to support all the weight of the abdominal organs and structures without the aid of the ribs, which help support the thoracic contents
|
|
|
What is unique about the Sacral vertebrae?
|
they fuse to form a single solid structure--the sacrum
|
|
|
What is the number of vertebrae fused in the sacrum?
|
varies among species
|
|
|
Where is the Sacrum located?
|
dorsal to the pelvic region and forms a joint with the pelvis on each side-- the sacroiliac joint.
|
|
|
What are the Coccygeal vertebrae?
|
the bones of the tail
|
|
|
Farther caudally, what happens to Coccygeal vertebrae?
|
they are reduced to simple little rods of bone.
|
|
|
What is the Coccyx?
|
In humans the coccygeal vertebrae are fused into a single bone called the coccyx, or what we commonly call our tailbone.
|
|
|
What are the ribs?
|
long bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.
|
|
|
What does the number of pairs of ribs usually equal?
|
the number of vertebrae that the animal has
|
|
|
Where do the heads of ribs and the thoracic vertebrae articulate (form joints)?
|
At the dorsal ends of the heads of the ribs.
|
|
|
Each rib has 2 parts. What are they?
|
1. a dorsal part made of bone
2 a ventral part made of cartilage |
|
|
What is Costal Cartilage?
|
Cartilage part of the rib and its junction with the bony part is called the Costo-chondral junction.
|
|
|
What are the Sternal ribs?
|
the ribs whose cartilages join the sternum are called sternal ribs and make up the cranial part of the thorax
|
|
|
What are the asternal ribs?
|
the ones that join the adjacent costal cartilage are called asternal ribs and make up the caudal part of the thorax.
|
|
|
What are floating ribs or false ribs?
|
the cartilage of the last rib or two on each side may not join anything at all. It may just end in the muscles of the thoracic wall. These "nonattached" ribs are called floating ribs
|
|
|
What is the sternum?
|
aka the breastbone, forms the floor of the thorax.
|
|
|
What are sternebrae.?
|
a series of rod-like bones that make up the sternebrae.
|
|
|
What part of the sternabrae are named and used as landmarks?
|
only the first and last sternebrae.
|
|
|
What is the manubrium?
|
the first, most cranial sternebrae.
|
|
|
What is the xiphoid?
|
the last, most caudal sternebrae
|
|
|
What is the xiphoid cartilage?
|
A piece of cartilage that extends caudally from the xiphoid process and is easily felt in most animals at the caudal end of the sternum.
|
|
|
What is the Appendicular skeleton made up of?
|
bones of the main appendages of the animal body, that is, the limbs.
|
|
|
What is the Thoracic limbs?
|
the front leg of the appendicular skeleton
|
|
|
What is the Pelvic limb?
|
the hind leg of the appendicular skeleton
|
|
|
Name 7 bones of the Thoracic limb.
|
1. Scapula
2. Humerus 3. Radius 4. Ulna 5. Carpal Bones (carpus) 6. metacarpal bones 7. phalanges |
|
|
Name 7 bones of the Pelvic limb.
|
1. Pelvis-Ilium, ischium, Pubis
2.Femur 3. tibia 4. Fibula 5. Tarsal bone 6.Metatarsal bones 7. Phalanges |
|
|
In common domestic animals what does the Thoracic limb not have?
|
has no direct bony connection with the axial skeleton.
|
|
|
What is unique about some animals like dogs and cats thoracic limb
|
they have a small remnant of the clavicle embedded in a tendon in the shoulder region, but it does not articulate with the axial skeleton and is of little or no clinical significance.
|
|
|
What is the Scapula?
|
the most proximal bone of the thoracic limb. this flat shallow concave articular surface is called the glenoid cavity. It is connected with the main part of the scapula by a narrowed area.
|
|
|
What is the Humerus?
|
the long bone of the "upper arm" or Brachium. On its proximal end is the ball portion of the ball-and socket shoulder joint- the head of the humerus, which is joined to the shaft by a neck.
|
|
|
What is the opposite of the head on the proximal end of the humerus?
|
some large processes, the tubercles, where the powerful shoulder muscles attach
|
|
|
What is the condyle?
|
The distal articular surface of the humerus are referred to collectively as the condyle.
|
|
|
What is the trochlea?
|
the medial articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the ulna
|
|
|
What is the capitulum?
|
the lateral articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the radius.
|
|
|
What is the Olecranon fossa?
|
Just above the condyle on the back surface of the humerus is a deep indentation called the olecranon fossa
|
|
|
What are medial and lateral epicondyles?
|
the non-articular knobs on the medial and lateral surfaces of the condyle
|
|
|
What is the real funny bone?
|
ulna nerve
|
|
|
What do the radius and ulna form?
|
the "forearm" or antebrachium.
|
|
|
what is the main weight bearing bone?
|
Radius
|
|
|
What forms the elbow joint with the distal end of the humerus?
|
Ulna
|
|
|
What does the large olecranon process form in the ulna ?
|
the point of the elbow. It is the cite where the tendon of the powerful triceps brachii muscle attaches
|
|
|
Where is the styloid process?
|
At the distal end of the radius that articulate with the carpus
|
|
|
What is the trochlear notch?
|
a half moon-shaped, concave articular suface that wraps around part of the humeral condyle to help make the elbow joint a very tight, secure joint.
|
|
|
What is the anconeal process?
|
at the proximal end of the trochlear notch is a beak shaped process called--
|
|
|
What happens when the elbow is extended?
|
the anconeal process tucks into the olecranon fossa on the distal end of the humerus.
|
|
|
What is the Ununited Anconeal Process?
|
a pathological problem that results when a dog jumps down and lands on a straightened front leg. the anconeal process will break at the epiphyseal junctions leaving a joint mouse to float in the elbow joint.
|
|
|
What two bones in the carpus are arranged parallel to each other?
|
1. proximal row
2. distal row |
|
|
Name 3 bones of the proximal row.
|
1. radial carpal bone
2. ulna carpal bone 3. accessory carpal bone some species have and intermediate carpal bone. |
|
|
What are the bones of the distal row called?
|
They are given numbers instead of names. starting at the medial and working laterally
|
|
|
What do the metacarpal bones extend from?
|
distally from the distal row of carpal bones to the proximal phalanges of the digits.
|
|
|
What do horses have as far as metacarpals? and what is called?
|
a simple foot consisting of only one digit (toe). Therefore they have only one large metacarpal bone supporting their weight in each leg. the cannon bone.
|
|
|
What do splint bones do not support?
|
any weight and only extend one half to two thirds of the way down the shaft of the large metacarpal.
|
|
|
What is "Splints"?
|
the ligaments joining them to the large metacarpal bone become inflamed.
|
|
|
What are the similarities of cattle and horse feet?
|
they are split. Cattle walk on 2 toes. the two bones are fused into a single bone
|
|
|
What is Metacarpal 1 a part of on dogs and cats?
|
the dewclaw
|
|
|
What are the phalanges?
|
are the individual bones that make up the digits.
|
|
|
What does the horse have as far as phalanges?
|
has one digit on each limb composed of 3 phalanges and 3 sesamoid bones
|
|
|
In horses what is the scientific name of the long and short pastern bones and the distal phalanx.
|
long pastern bone---Proximal Phalanx
short pastern bone---Middle phalanx Coffin bone---Distal phalanx |
|
|
What does the digit of a horse contain?
|
two proximal sesamoid bone and one distal sesamoid bone.
|
|
|
What is the fetlock joint?
|
the joint between the large metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx in the large digital flexor tendons
|
|
|
What is the navicular bone?
|
the distal sesamoid bone that is located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges where the digital flexor tendon attaches to the distal phalanx
|
|
|
What are the dewclaws?
|
the two vestigial digits on each limb of cattle
|
|
|
What two bones are in the dewclaws of cats and dogs?
|
1. proximal phalanx
2. distal phalanx |
|
|
What do digits II to V each contain?
|
3 bones-1.proximal phalanx
2. middle phalanx 3. distal phalanx Each distal phalanx contains a pointed ungual process. The digits of dogs and cats also contain tiny sesamoid bones. |
|
|
What is the pelvic limb directly connected to?
|
the axial skeleton through the sacroiliac joint that unites the pelvis with the spinal column.
|
|
|
What is the pelvis sometimes referred to?
|
the os coxae
|
|
|
What are the 2 halves of the pelvis joined by?
|
ventally by a cartilaginous joint--the pelvic symphysis
|
|
|
Where does the pelvis join the axial skeleton?
|
Dorsally at the left and right sacroiliac joints
|
|
|
The pelvis is formed from 3 bones that are fused together. What are they?
|
1. ilium
2. ischium 3.pubis |
|
|
What is the largest bone of the os coxae?
|
Ilium
|
|
|
What is the ilium?
|
It projects up in a dorsocranial direction and is the bone that forms the sacroiliac joints with the sacrum.
|
|
|
What is the tuber coxae?
|
projects laterally and is called the "point" of the hip. In cattle it is called the "hook bone".
|
|
|
What is the most caudal pelvic bone?
|
Ischium
|
|
|
What is the ischial tuberosity?
|
the main rear projecting process of the ischium
|
|
|
What is the ischial tuberosity also known as?
|
pin bone
|
|
|
What is the smallest of the three pelvic bones? and where is it?
|
Pubis; medially and forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor.
|
|
|
What is the Acetabulum?
|
The three bones that make up each side of the pelvis come together at the socket portion of the ball and socket hip joint- a concave area called...
|
|
|
what are the obturator foramina?
|
two large holes located on either side of the pelvic symphysis; lightens the pelvis.
|
|
|
What is the femur?
|
long bone of the "thigh" . On its proximal end is the head of the femur. the head of the femur is smaller and nearly spherical. normally fits very deeply and securely into the acetabulum of the pelvis.
|
|
|
What is opposite of the head of the femur?
|
large process called the trochanters, where the strong hip and thigh muscles attach. Largest is greater trochanter and smaller is the lesser trochanter.
|
|
|
What forms the stifle joint with the patella and tibia
|
the distal end of the shaft of the femur.
|
|
|
What are 3 articular surfaces on the distal end of the femur ?
|
the two condyles toward the rear and the trochlear on the front.
|
|
|
WHat are the knobs that are medial and lateral to the condyles?
|
medial and lateral epicondyles
|
|
|
Where is the patella formed?
|
in the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle on the front of the stifle joints.
|
|
|
What does the patella help protect?
|
the tendon as it passes down over the trochlea of the femur to insert on the tibial crest.
|
|
|
What are fabellae?
|
two small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendons just above and behind the femoral condyles of dogs and cats. not is cattle or horses
|
|
|
What is the main weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
|
tibia
|
|
|
What does the tibia form with the femur above it and the hock with the tarsus below it?
|
the stifle joint
|
|
|
what is the tibial tuberosity?
|
The forward facing point of the triangle which continues distally as a ridge called the tibial crest. The patellar tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
|
|
|
What is the medial malleolus?
|
A palpable process that is medial to the distal articular surface of the tibia. the "Knob" on the medial side of our ankle is our medial malleolus.
|
|
|
What is the fibula?
|
a thin but complete bone in the dog and cat that parallels the tibia and consists of a proximal extremity, a shaft, and a distal extremity. mainly serves as a muscle attachment site.
|
|
|
What is the later malleolus?
|
A palpable process formed at the distal end of the fibula.
|
|
|
What the Tarsus consist of?
|
two rows of short bones known as the tarsal bones.
|
|
|
What are the 2 largest proximal tarsal bones?
|
1. tibial tarsal bone (Talus)
2. fibular tarsal bone ( Calcaneous) |
|
|
What is the Tibial tarsal bone?
|
(talus) has a large trochlea that articulates with the distal end of the tibia to form the most movable part of the hock joint.
|
|
|
What is the Calcaneal tuberosity?
|
is the part of the fibular tarsal bone that projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock. It acts as the point of attachment for the tendon of the large gastrocnemius muscle and corresponds to our heal
|
|
|
How many metatarsal bones are there on on paw?
|
4
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of joints?
|
1. Immovable Fibrous Joints
2. Slightly movable Cartilaginous Joints 3. Freely movable Synovial Joints |
|
|
What is the Anatomical term for Fibrous joint?
|
Synarthroses
|
|
|
What is special about Fibrous joints?
|
they are immovable in that the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue.
|
|
|
What is the Anatomical term for Cartilaginous joints?
|
Amphiarthroses
|
|
|
What are Cartilaginous joints capable of?
|
only a slight rocking movements.
|
|
|
What is Rickets?
|
effects young dogs and is due to a deficiency of mineralization of bone and cartilage. This is because of a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet.
|
|
|
What should the ratio of calcium and phosphorus be?
|
2:1, If it is allowed to get to 1:1 rickets occur
|
|
|
What happens if you have a deficiency in Vitamin D?
|
You can't absorb calcium and phosphorus which also causes rickets
|
|
|
What are 5 things that make dogs itch?
|
1. atopy
2. hypothyroidism 3. Fleas 4. sarcoptic mange 5.... |
|
|
What are 3 things that cost bilateral hairloss in animals?
|
1. hypothyroidism
2. hyperestrogenism 3. hyperadrenalcortism (cushings syndrome) |
|
|
Food allergies also causes a problem with absorption of C and PH which causes what?
|
Rickets
|
|
|
What is Osteomalacia?
|
adult rickets; seen mostly in the older dog or cat. Causes are the same as rickets but effects are different.
|
|
|
Where is the major site of osteogenesis in the young animal? where are the signs of Osteomalacia more dramatic?
|
the epiphysis ; in the growth plate.
|
|
|
What in the older dog does the lack of mineralization of the ostoid has its effect where?
|
Just beneath the periosteum and endosteum since continual remodeling occurs here throughout life. (thin)
|
|
|
What is Hypervitaminosis A?
|
a disease of cats that consume large amounts of raw liver.
|
|
|
What is the pathology of hypervitaminosis A?
|
cervical and thoracic bridging exostosis and limb ankylosis at elbow
|
|
|
What are two differential diagnosis of Hypervitaminosis A?
|
1. Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
2. Hypovitaminosis D |
|
|
How is Hypervitaminosis diagnosed?
|
radiographs of exostoses and enthesophytes in the thoracic vertebrae of older cats.
|
|
|
What is Scurvy?
|
a deficiency of ascorbic acid brought on by a noncomplete or balanced diet.
|
|
|
What is Vit C essential for?
|
the formation of the osteoid and dentine in connective tissue.
|
|
|
Where are signs of scurvy seen?
|
at epiphyseal plates of long bones, cosochondral junctions, and anywhere the growth is rapid and vascularity is prominent. Dislocations are common.
|
|
|
What is Achondroplasia?
|
A specific type of dwarfism which is inherited and congenital, affecting epiphyseal growth and maturation.
|
|
|
Name 4 signs that can be present in an Achondroplastic dogs.
|
1. widening of the ends of long bones
2. hydrocephalus 3. brachycphaly 4. prognathism |
|
|
What kind of gene is responsible for Achondroplasia?
|
Mendelian dominant
|
|
|
What is Osteochondritis Dissecans a direct result of?
|
epiphyseal ischemia necrosis in which a small segment of subchondral bone in the bony epiphysis of the head of the humerus is involved.
|
|
|
What is Osteochondritis dissecans caused by?
|
Trauma/Inheritance factors; It is in large breeds.
|
|
|
How is Osteochondritis dissecans diagnosed by?
|
examination of the leg (shoulder) usually causes a little discomfort with forward extension. the joint mouse, from the sub-chondral bone, will lodge in the joint and cause pain.
|
|
|
What is Ununited Anconeal Process?
|
A traumatic dislodgement of the anconeal process of the elbow resulting in a non-union or partial union of the process.
|
|
|
What happens in the case of a non-union in Ununited Anconeal Process?
|
a joint mouse or ossicle is formed
|
|
|
What is the cause of Ununited Anconeal Process?
|
Trauma/Inheritance (3 dominant genes are involved) Breeding is contraindicated. Occurs in large breeds 5-6 months.
|
|
|
What is Calve-Legg Perthes Disease also known as?
|
Osteochondrosis Deformans Juvenilis
|
|
|
What is Calve-Legg Perthes Disease?
|
similar to Osteochondritis dissecans except that it involves the entire head of the femur and not just a small bone sub-condral area of the front leg.
|
|
|
What is the Cause of Calve-Legg Perthes Disease?
|
epiphyseal ischemia with necrosis of the entire head and neck of the femur. Occurs in Lap Dogs
|
|
|
Name 4 Diseases of the Epiphyses.
|
1. Achondroplasia
2.Osteochondritis Dissecans 3.Ununited Anconeal Process 4. Calve-Legg Perthes Disease |
