Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tumors
|
Parenchyma neoplastic component
|
|
|
Benign tumors
|
Epithelial (e.g., adenoma) or
Connective tissue (e.g., lipoma, leiomyoma) |
|
|
Carcinoma
|
Epithelial origin
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma |
|
|
Basal cell carcinoma
|
Invades but does not metastasize
|
|
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
Lower lip
Oral pharynx Larynx Lung Esophagus Skin Cervix |
|
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
Distal esophagus-----> colon, kidney, liver, pancreas, prostate, breast, lung, endometrium
|
|
|
Transitional cell carcinoma
|
Renal pelvis
Ureter Bladder |
|
|
Sarcoma
|
Malignancy of connective tissue origin
Osteogenic sarcoma (bone) |
|
|
Liposarcoma
|
MC sarcoma in adults
|
|
|
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
|
MC sarcoma in children
|
|
|
Teratogen
|
Ectoderm
Endoderm Mesoderm Bone/ teeth visible on x-ray |
|
|
Hamartoma
|
Normal tissue, normal site
Bronchial hamartoma Peutz-Jeghers polyp |
|
|
Choristoma
|
Normal tissue, aberrant tissue location
Pancreatic tissue stomach wall |
|
|
Mixed tumor
|
Different morphologic patterns
Same germ cell layer Pleomorphic adenoma parotid |
|
|
Leukemia
|
Malignancy of stem cells in bone marrow
|
|
|
Lymphoma
|
Malignancy of lymph nodes
|
|
|
Extranodal lymphoma sites
|
Stomach (MC)
Peyer's patches |
|
|
Malignant tumors
|
Invade and metastasize
Benign tumors don't |
|
|
Upregulate telomerase
|
Increases telomere length
Neoplastic cells |
|
|
Monoclonality
|
Key finding in neoplastic vs. normal cells
|
|
|
E- Cadherin
|
Intercellular adhesion
Lose adhesion in malignant cells |
|
|
Malignant cells
|
Receptors for laminin (basement membrane)
Fibronectin (ECM) |
|
|
Invasive enzyme
|
Type IV collagenase (basement membrane)
|
|
|
Angiogenesis
|
Basic fibroblast growth factor
Vascular endothelium growth factor |
|
|
Metastasis
|
Lymphatic
Hematogenous Seeding Often more common than primary cancer |
|
|
Carcinoma
|
Lymph node ------> hematogenous
|
|
|
Vessel invading carcinoma
|
Renal cell carcinoma (renal vein, vena cava)
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Sarcoma
|
hematogenous
|
|
|
Seeding
|
Ovarian cancer
Periphery lung CNS via spingal fluid |
|
|
Sites where metastasis more common primary cancer
|
Lung
Bone Brain Liver Adrenal |
|
|
Sites wehre primary cancer more common than metastasis
|
GI tract
Kidney Urogenital |
|
|
Bone metastasis
|
Osteoblastic (radiodense)
Osteolytic (radiolucent) |
|
|
Bone sites metastasis
|
Vertebra MC (Batson venous plexus)
|
|
|
Osteoblastic metastasis
|
Prostate cancer
Increased serum AP Hypercalcemia |
|
|
EM neurosecretory granules
|
Carcinoid tumors
Small cell carcinoma Neuroblastoma |
|
|
EM thin and thick myofilaments
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
EM Birdbeck granules
|
Histocytic neoplasms (Langerhan's histiocytosis)
|
|
|
Primary prevention
|
Stop smoking
Sun screen High fiber diet |
|
|
Cancers in children
|
Leukemia (MC)
CNS tumors Burkitt's Ewing's Neuroblastoma |
|
|
Cancer vaccine
|
Hepatitis B vaccine
Prevents hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Cancer incidence men
|
Prostate ---> Lung ---> Colorectal
|
|
|
Cancer incidence women
|
Breast ---> Lung ---> Colorectal
|
|
|
Cancer mortality men
|
Lung ---> Prostate ---> Colorectal
|
|
|
Cancer mortality women
|
Lung ---> Prostate ---> Colorectal
|
|
|
Gynecologic cancers
|
Endometrium ---> Ovary ---> Cervix
|
|
|
Cervical Pap smear
|
Decreased incidence of cervical cancer
Detects cervical dysplasia |
|
|
Malignant melanoma
|
Fastest increasing in world
|
|
|
Southeast China
|
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (eBV)
|
|
|
Southeast Asia
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV + aflatoxin)
|
|
|
Japan
|
Stomach cancer
|
|
|
Africa
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8) |
|
|
Squamous dysplasia oropharynx, larynx, bronchus, cervix
|
RIsk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
|
|
|
Chronic irritation sinus orifices, 3rd degree burn scars
|
Risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
|
|
|
Actinic (solar) keratosis
|
Risk factor for SCC
|
|
|
Glandular metaplasia of esophagus (Barrett's)
|
Risk factor for adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Endometrial hyperplasia
|
Risk factor for adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Glandular (intestinal) metaplasia of stomach (Helicobacter)
|
Risk factor for adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Chronic ulcerative colitis
Villous adenoma of rectum Tubular adenoma of colon Scar tissue in lung |
Risk factor for adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Regenerative nodules in cirrhosis
|
Risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
Complete hydatidiform mole
|
Risk factor for choriocarcinoma
|
|
|
Dysplastic mole
|
MC risk factor for malignant melanoma
|
|
|
UVB light
|
MC risk factor for BCC, SCC, melanoma
|
|
|
HHV- 8
|
MC risk factor for Kaposi's sarcoma
|
|
|
EBV
|
MC risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
|
|
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
|
MC risk factor for:
Larynx (SCC) Lung cancers Oral cavity Mid- esophagus SCC Pancreas adenocarcinoma Renal cell carcinoma Urinary bladder Penis SCC |
|
|
Asbestos
|
MC risk factor for mesthelioma
|
|
|
Barrett's esophagus
|
MC risk factor for distal esophagus adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
H. pylori
|
MC risk factor for stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
|
|
|
Tubular adenoma
Villous Adenoma |
MC risk factors for colon adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
HBV and HCV
|
MC risk factors for hepaticocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
Vinyl chloride
|
MC risk factor for liver angiosarcoma
|
|
|
Gallstones, porcelain gallbladder
|
MC risk factor for gallbladder adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
HPV + lack of circumcision
|
MC risk factor for penis SCC
|
|
|
Age
|
MC risk factor for prostate adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Cryptorchid testis
|
MC risk factor for seminoma
|
|
|
Age >50 with excess estrogen exposure
|
MC risk factor for breast and endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
HPV 16/18
|
MC risk factor for vulva, vagina, cervix SCC
|
|
|
DES
|
MC risk factor for vagina/ cervix clear cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Nulliparity
|
MC risk factor for surface derived ovarian cancer
|
|
|
Complete mole
|
MC risk factor for choriocarcinoma
|
|
|
Turner syndrome (XO)
|
MC risk factor for dysgerminoma of ovary
|
|
|
Turnery syndrome (XO/ XY)
|
Gonadoblastoma of ovary
|
|
|
Family history (MENI IIa/ IIb)
|
MC risk factor for medullary carcinoma thyroid
|
|
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
MC risk factor for malignant lymphoma thyroid
|
|
|
Ionizing radiation
|
MC risk factor for:
Osteogenic sarcoma Papillary cancer of thyroid Acute/ chronic myelogenous leukemia |
|
|
EBV
|
MC risk factor for:
Burkitt's lymphoma Primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS and Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
|
HTLV-1
|
MC risk factor for T cell leukemia/ lymphoma
|
|
|
Bacterial causes of cancer
|
H. pylori (stomach adenocarcinoma and lymphoma)
|
|
|
Parasitic causes of cancer
|
S. hematobium (SCC bladder)
C. sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma) |
|
|
Carcinogenesis
|
Mutations involving regulatory genes
|
|
|
Regulatory genes
|
Protooncogenes
Suppressor genes Anti- apoptosis genes |
|
|
Types mutations
|
Point mutation MC
Translocation Amplification (increased copies) Overexpression (increased activity) |
|
|
Translocations
|
Burkitt's: t(8; 14)
CML: t(9; 22) Follicular lymphoma: t(14; 18) APL leukemia t(15; 17) |
|
|
Key cancer genes
|
TP53 supresor gene
RAS protooncogene |
|
|
Point mutation
|
Inactivates suppressor genes (e.g., TP53)
Activates protooncogenes (e.g., RAS) |
|
|
Amplification
|
Activates ERB- B2
|
|
|
Overexpression
|
Enhances activity of BCL-2
|
|
|
SIS POC
|
Function--- growth factor synthesis
Mutation--- overexpression |
|
|
ERB-B2 POC
|
Function--- Growth factor receptor
Activation bad prognostic sign for breast carcinoma |
|
|
RAS POC
|
Function--- GTP signal transduction
Point mutation 30% of all human cancer |
|
|
ABL POC
|
Function--- non-receptor tyrosine kinase activity
Translocation (9; 22) causing CML |
|
|
MYC POC
|
Function--- nuclear transcription
Translocation (8; 14) causing Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
|
Inactivation suppressor genes
|
Majority are point mutations
Loss of suppression |
|
|
Sporadic retinoblastoma
|
2 hit theory
2 separate point mutations of RB suppressor gen on #13 |
