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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Regisaurus |
Therocephalian 'therapsid'. Has mammalian-like hindlimb and 'pelycosaur'-like forelimbs (robust pectoral girdle); dual-gait, small tail. Has a lumbar region, diaphragm? Reduced skull roof to sagittal crest, coronoid process to allow enlarged temporalis, postero-medial force increase. axis of hinge joint oblique to transverse axis of skull, quadrate able to adjust orientation to prevent disarticulation. |
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Entelognathus |
'Placoderm' 1st gnathostome with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones (pmx, mx and dentary). Suggest 'placoderm' and osteichthyan dermal bones homologous and 'acanthodian' as stem chondrichthyans. Zhu et al 2013. |
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Ptomacanthus |
'Acanthodian' exhibiting several plesiomorphic features shared with placoderms and some early chondrichthyans. Suggest 'acanthodian' paraphyly. Brazeau 2009. |
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Acanthodes |
Acanthodiformes, has osteichthyan-like braincase, most well-known 'acanthodian' |
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Norselaspis |
Osteostracan. First with paired pectoral fins and supporting girdle showing foraminifera for vasculature |
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Lystrosaurus |
Dicynodont amonodont. Widespread after P-T extinction, burrowing? Dicynodonts have beak, tusks. propalinal jaw action, pronounced RL of A, huge temporal fenestra |
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Proterosuchus |
Archosauriformes. Widespread after P-T extinction. |
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Euparkeria |
Sister taxa to archosauria. has dermal osteoderm scutes to stiffen trunk for more efficient locomotion. bipedal facultatively |
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Effigia |
'Rauisuchid' suchian crurotarsan. Facultatively bipedal, like an archosaurian ornithomimid. (only realised it wasn't from pelvis) |
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Dimetrodon |
Sphenocodontid 'pelycosaur'. Sail-backed (not for thermoregulation?) and nocturnal. Had heterodont dentition (large round incisors, enlarged canines and recurved postcanines), prominent coronoid eminence (from dentary & surungular) and keel on angular bone below level of jaw articulation. 1st obligate carnivore |
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Lycaenops |
Gorgonopsid 'therapsid'. Fangs (>90deg gape), carnivorous. Extension of posterior of temporal fenestra, zygomatic arch, with RL of A and coronoid process. Has neck. more gracile post cranially, longer hind limb, less tail. Signs of nasal turbinates (better at olfaction or more endothermic?) |
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Procynosuchus |
Procynosuchid 'cynodnont'. Basal. First signs of masseter muscle originating from zygomatic arch and inserting on external surface of angular (control lower jaw in transverse direction. Reduced RL of A & pterygoid processes of palate, smaller pterygoideus). Accessory cusps, better teeth occlusion (not precise), more precise/powerful bite (extract more nutrient, higher MR, more active?) |
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Thrinaxodon |
Epicynodont 'cynodont'. Coronoid process extended to temporal fenestra, expanded zygomatic arch, beginning angular process of dentary. Enlarged temporalis, deep masseter and superficial masseter muscles. Tricusp post canine (triconodont) to slice food. Bite force not on jaw joint but on food, PDU reducing size (angular freed up for tympanic membrane). Secondary palate. Lumbar region; possible diaphragm. More gracile pectoral girdle. Dual gait. |
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Compagopiscis |
Arthrodire 'placoderm'. Teeth homologous to gnathostomes --> refute inside-out origin of teeth? Rucklin et al 2012. |
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Pederpes |
Whatcheeriid tetrapod. One of few fossils from Romer's Gap, had pentadactyl pes pointing forward. Clack and Finney 2005. |
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Miguashaia |
Primitive actinisti (coelacanth) from mid Devonian |
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Dipterus |
Primitive dipnoi (lungfish) from mid Devonian |
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Eusthenopteron |
Tristichopterid. Long slender radius and short fat ulna. Two dorsal fins still |
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Gogonasus |
Sandwiched between Tristichopteridae and Elpistostegalia. Had cosmine-covered rhombic scales and dermal bones, from marine environment, Southern hemisphere. Long et al 2006. |
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Panderichthys |
Elpistostegalian. Lost midline fins |
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Tiktaalik |
Elpistostegalian. Lost opercular bones, had a neck. |
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Acanthostega |
Tetrapod? Hyomandibula --> stapes, pelvic girdle attached, 8 digits |
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Ichthyostega |
Tetrapod? 7 digits, thick overlapping ribs. Hind limbs not wright bearing, can't be placed flat on substrate (Pierce et al 2012) |
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Balenerpeton |
Basal temnospondyl |
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Archaeothyris |
Ophiacodontid 'pelycosaur'. First few known amniotes |
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Eothyris |
Eothyrid caseasaur 'pelycosaur'. Has temporal fenestra (allow adductor to be larger & more powerful) unique dentition of 2 v large upper caniniform teeth on each side |
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Paleothyris |
Basal amniote, no temporal fenestra. columella v robust, large, for structural support. No otic notch/tympanum. Diapsid and anapsid hearing (impedance matching) independently evolved. |
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Darwinopterus |
'Transition fossil' between primitive 'rhamphoryhnchoids' and derived pterodactyloids. |
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Castorocauda |
Docodont mammaliaform. Beaver-like |
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Volaticotherium |
Possibly early eutherian. Flying squirrel-like |
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Shenshou |
scansorial shrew-like haramyid. |
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Fruitafossor |
early therian? myrmecophagian |
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Hadrocodium |
Between docodonts and australosphenidans. Independent acquisition of DMME (likely cos have bigger brain). Rowe 1996 hypothesis of PDU detachment. Insectivorous. |
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Sinoconodon |
Basal mammaliaform (200 Mya). No definite growth (body size 13g-517g), continuous replacement of canines and incisors. dentary-squamosal jaw joint and precise teeth occlusion of molars with transverse component to movement |
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Morganucodon |
Morganucodont mammaliaform. Definite growth & rapid juve growth (body size 27g-89g), lack replacement of molars --> lactation, provisioning young. PDU attached to dentary, housed in Meckelian groove (MMME). Not as generalist insectivore as thought, beetles & hardshelled. Vs Kuehnotherium diet scorpion flies & early moths. |
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Yanoconodon |
Eutriconodont. PMME thru heterochrony, retains lumbar ribs (primitive for clade). |
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Maotherium |
Spalacotheroid. PMME thru heterochrony, lost lumbar ribs (primitive for clade) |
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Jeholodens |
Eutriconodont. lost lumbar ribs (but primitively retained in clade), had mosaic characters of more derived pectoral girdle (scapular spine, loss of coracoids) allowing more mobile scapuloclavicular articulation, and more primitive pelvic girdle. |
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Akidolestes |
Spalacotheroid. regained lumbar ribs (but lost in clade) |
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Repenomamus |
Eutriconodont. PMME. dino-eating |
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Hylonomus |
Earliest amniote diapsid. Columella for structure not hearing. |
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Casineria |
early basal amniote, lacking temporal fenestra? 1st fully terrestrial tetrapod. Had pentadactyl manus. Paton et al 1999. |
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Westlothiana |
Stem amniote. Has 3 ankle bone hence not amniote. lack pterygoid flange, temporal fenestra |
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Hyperodapedon |
late-Tri rhynchosaur. widespread herbivores, specialised in cutting and grinding tough plant material |
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Champsosaurus |
choristodera archosauromorph. superficially convergent on crocodiles |
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Ambondro |
Australosphenidan found with tribosphenic dentition. Convergent on theria, push back origin of tribospheny 25 Mya. Luo et al 2001. |
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Teleosaurus |
Thalattosuchian crocodylomorpha. Freshwater coastal |
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Metriorhynchus |
Thalattosuchian crocodylomropha. Marine pelagic. Possibly ovoviviparous? |
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Aetosaurus |
Aetosauria, basal suchia |
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Varanosaurus |
Varanopseid eupelycosaur. active predators. varanopseids longest lived and most widely distributed. narrower skull table to reduce medially directed component of adductor mandibuli to increase net bite force |
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Titanophorus |
Dinocephalian 'therapsid'. carnivorous, massive canines |
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Edaphosaurus |
Edaphosaurid eupelycosaur. sail-backed herbivore. Deep lower jaw, powerful adductor musculature, effective crushing action (teeth on palate and insides of lower jaw) |
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Biarmosuchus |
Biarmosuchian basal 'therapsid'. therapsid charac: FULL SIZED RL Of A, single enlarged canine, expanded ilium, slight sigmoidal femur, trochanter major dev behind femoral head, internal trochanter shifted to ventral surface, larger temporal fenestra (increased overall mass of adductor). |
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Moschops |
Dinocephalian 'therapsid'. Herbivorous, peg-like teeth |
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Brasilotherium |
Tritylodont eucynodont. temporal fenestra combine with orbit. huge coronoid process. Meckel's groove houses PDU which is getting smaller, higher frequency hearing. Anterior projecting ilium, getting bigger. Longer hind limb bones, parasagittal. |
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Pachygenelus |
Trithelodont eucynodont. Has 2 jaw joints, d-s and q-a. Lack post-orbital bar. |
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Artiocetus |
'archaeoceti' Eocene whale. proof for Cetartiodactyla; double pulley astragalus + tympanic involucrum |
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Pezosiren |
oldest Sirenian, from Eocene, with fully functional hindlimbs |
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Aetiocetus |
late Oligocene mysticete whale which has both baleen foramina & teeth |
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Eomysticetes |
First edentulous mysticete whale |
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Orycteropus |
oldest fossil aardvark lacking enamel. 19 MYA |
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Obdurodon |
fossil platypus with enamel-cementum-dentine teeth |
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Kulindadromeus |
Feathered basal ornithischian. 169-150MYA. three types of feathers, including branching, down-type feathers |
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Juramaia |
Earliest eutherian from Jurassic 160 MYR. Reduce/resolve discrepancy between previous FR finding (Eomaia) and molecular estimate of eutheria/metatheria divergence. scansorial insectivore. Luo et al 2011. |
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Eomaia |
Early scansorial eutherian from 125 Myr. Lower Cret, Yixian formation. scansorial, unlike other 4 early eutherians. Qi et al 2002. |
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Sinodelphys |
Earliest metatherian, lower Cret 125 Myr. |
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Paucicanthus |
Acanthodian that lack fin spines on fins from MOTH. |
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Obtusacanthus |
Acanthodian with chondrichthyan-like placoid scales suggesting total chondrichthyan group affinity |
