Val's A&p1 #3

Front 1

Primary Functions of respiratory system?

Back 1

•Obtaining oxygen
•Removing carbon dioxide

Front 2

Other Functions of respiratory system?

Back 2

•Filtering particles from incoming air
•Controlling the temperature of the air
•Controlling water content of the air
•Producing sounds used in speech
•Sense of smell
•Regulation of pH

Front 3

filter incoming air; transport from outside of body to lungs; gas exchange ?

Back 3

Respiratory System

Front 4

exchanging gas between atmosphere and body cells ?

Back 4

Respiration

Front 5

utilization of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by cells ?

Back 5

Cellular Respiration

Front 6

Consists of:
- Bone and cartilage
- 2 nostrils for air to enter and leave
- hairs to stop particles

Back 6

Nose

Front 7

divides nasal cavity into right and left ?

Back 7

Nasal Septum

Front 8

Consists of:
-Hollow space behind nose
-Nasal Septum ?

Back 8

Nasal Cavity

Front 9

Consists of:
- Air filled spaces; reduce the weight of the skull
- Affect voice quality ?

Back 9

Sinuses

Front 10

Consists of:
i. Throat
-Passage for food from oral cavity to the esophagus
-Passage for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx
-Creates sounds of speech ?

Back 10

Pharynx

Front 11

-Enlargement of airway at the top of the trachea
-Passage for air and also stops particles ?

Back 11

Larynx

Front 12

second set, lower region, sound is produced?

Back 12

true vocal cord

Front 13

upper region, no sound produced, close larynx when swallowing ?

Back 13

false vocal cord

Front 14

slit between vocal cords

Back 14

glottis

Front 15

iv. glottis: slit between vocal cords flap to stop food and liquid from entering airway

Back 15

epiglottis

Front 16

“windpipe”

Back 16

Trachea

Front 17

tube with cartilage to prevent collapsing

Back 17

Trachea

Front 18

“branched airway from the trachea to micro air sacs”

Back 18

Bronchial Tree

Front 19

right and left; branch from the trachea

Back 19

primary bronchi

Front 20

finer tubes of bronchi branches

Back 20

bronchioles

Front 21

very thin tubes

Back 21

alveolar ducts

Front 22

microscopic air sacs that are at the end of the respiratory tubes

Back 22

alveoli

Front 23

-Soft, spongy organs
-Closed in by diaphragm and thoracic cage

Back 23

Lungs

Front 24

-Divides right and left with heart and mediastinum

Back 24

Lungs

Front 25

Inspiration ?

Back 25

inhale

Front 26

inhale does what (3) ?

Back 26

-Atmospheric pressure pushes air into lungs
-Diaphragm muscles contract and go down
-Lungs fill with air

Front 27

Expiration ?

Back 27

exhale

Front 28

exhale does what (2) ?

Back 28

-Much elastic tissue
-Diaphragm goes up

Front 29

500 cubic cm air enters and leaves

Back 29

Tidal volume

Front 30

forced inspiration is: tidal plus (+) forced amount

Back 30

Inspiratory reserve

Front 31

tidal amount plus (+) extra leave

Back 31

Expiratory reserve

Front 32

amount left even after forced out; remains in lungs at all times

Back 32

Residual volume

Front 33

inspiratory volume plus (+) tidal volume plus (+) expiratory reserve volume; maximum amount of air a person can exhale after their deepest breath

Back 33

Vital capacity

Front 34

Control of Breathing is ?

Back 34

Rhythmic and involuntary

Front 35

regulates depth and rhythm

Back 35

Inflation Reflex

Front 36

decrease blood carbon dioxide levels; breathe abnormally deep

Back 36

Hyperventilation

Front 37

from a compound in RBC

Back 37

Hemoglobin

Front 38

oxygen combines with hemoglobin in blood

Back 38

Oxyhemoglobin

Front 39

carbon dioxide and hemoglobin

Back 39

Carbaminohemoglobin

Front 40

carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Back 40

Bicarbonate ion

Front 41

enzyme to speed up reaction between carbon dioxide and water

Back 41

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 42

process in which food changes form so it can be absorbed

Back 42

Digestion

Front 43

organs that promote digestion

Back 43

Digestive System

Front 44

mouth to anus

Back 44

Alimentary Canal

Front 45

release secretions into canal

Back 45

Accessory Organs

Front 46

ALIMENTARY CANAL

Back 46

30 feet long

Front 47

4 layers of alimentary canal

Back 47

i.Mucous Membrane
ii.Submucosa
iii.Muscular Layer
iv.Serous Layer

Front 48

1.innermost layer
2.absorption and secretion
3.protects layers below

Back 48

Mucous Membrane (mucosa)

Front 49

1.nourish surrounding cells
2.carry away absorbed materials

Back 49

Submucosa (loose connective tissue)

Front 50

1.contracts tube
2.shortens tube

Back 50

Muscular Layer (smooth muscle)

Front 51

1.outermost layer
2.lubricates outer tube so it can rub

Back 51

Serous Layer

Front 52

serosa and also visceral peritoneum

Back 52

Serous Layer

Front 53

alimentary canal has two basic motor functions ?

Back 53

1.Mixing
2.Propelling

Front 54

when stomach is full

Back 54

Mixing

Front 55

push contents ahead

Back 55

Propelling

Front 56

propelling to move and push food through

Back 56

Peristalis

Front 57

Receives food; prepares for digestion

Back 57

THE MOUTH

Front 58

between the palate and the tongue

Back 58

Oral Cavity

Front 59

space between teeth, cheek, and lip

Back 59

Vestibule

Front 60

1. ____ have muscle for expression and chewing
2. ___ are for temperature and texture detection of food
3. ____ are red due to blood vessels close to the surface

Back 60

1. Cheeks
2. Lips
3. Lips

Front 61

Fills the oral cavity

Back 61

Tongue

Front 62

skin on the bottom of the tongue to hold it in the oral cavity

Back 62

Frenulum

Front 63

on surface for friction and taste buds

Back 63

Papillae

Front 64

posterior part of the tongue anchors to hyoid bone

Back 64

Roof

Front 65

lymphatic tissue at the base of the tongue

Back 65

Linguinal tonsils

Front 66

Forms roof of the oral cavity

Back 66

Palate

Front 67

hard palate:
soft palate:

Back 67

anterior portion
posterior portion

Front 68

hanging projection

Back 68

Uvula

Front 69

help protect against infection

Back 69

Palatine tonsils

Front 70

(adenoids) posterior wall of pharynx; above soft palate

Back 70

Pharyngeal tonsils

Front 71

infected and inflamed

Back 71

Tonsilitis

Front 72

a.first set
b.6 months to 2 ½ years old
c.20 total teeth

Back 72

deciduous (primary)

Front 73

a.second set
b.32 total teeth

Back 73

permanent (secondary)

Front 74

front teeth; to bite off (8 total)

Back 74

Incisors (8 total)

Front 75

canines; grasp and tear food

Back 75

Cuspids (4 total)

Front 76

grinding

Back 76

Bicuspids (8 total)

Front 77

grinding

Back 77

Molars (12 total)

Front 78

where crown and root meet

Back 78

Neck

Front 79

projects out of gum

Back 79

Crown

Front 80

anchors tooth to alveolar bone of jaw

Back 80

Root

Front 81

-white color of crown; made of Calcium salts
1.hardest part of the human body
2.cannot replace itself

Back 81

Enamel

Front 82

thin layer of cementum and periodontal ligament

Back 82

Root:

Front 83

decay of tooth enamel and dentine cavity

Back 83

Dental caries

Front 84

tooth under the enamel

Back 84

Dentine

Front 85

-Function to secrete saliva
-Moistens food and binds it together
-Begins carbohydrate digestion

Back 85

SALIVARY GLANDS

Front 86

-Dissolves food chemicals
-Cleanses the mouth and teeth
-Salivary Secretions

Back 86

SALIVARY GLANDS

Front 87

produce digestive enzyme amylase

Back 87

Serous Cells

Front 88

splits starch and glycogen from carbohydrates

Back 88

Amylase

Front 89

secrete mucous that binds food and lubricates to swallow

Back 89

Mucous Cells

Front 90

largest; fluid rich in amylase

Back 90

Parotid Glands

Front 91

more viscous fluid

Back 91

Submandibular Glands

Front 92

smallest; secrete thick and stringy fluid

Back 92

Sublingual Glands

Front 93

Connects nasal and oral cavities with larynx and esophagus

Back 93

Pharynx

Front 94

passage for air during breathing

Back 94

Nasopharynx

Front 95

passage for food from mouth

Back 95

Oropharynx

Front 96

opens into larynx

Back 96

Laryngopharynx

Front 97

Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List First :

Back 97

1.chew food
2.mix with saliva
3.push into pharynx with tongue

Front 98

Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List Second:

Back 98

1.start swallowing reflex
2.peristallic wave push food into esophagus

Front 99

Swallowing Mechanism-3 stages
List Third:

Back 99

1.food enters esophagus
2.goes into stomach

Front 100

-Passage from pharynx to stomach
-Muscles prevent regurgitation
-Mucous glands keep it lubricated

Back 100

Esophagus

Front 101

J shaped; pouch-like; rugae-thick folds; gastric juice

Back 101

STOMACH

Front 102

near esophageal opening; upper half of stomach

Back 102

Cardiac Region

Front 103

above cardiac region; temporary storage

Back 103

Fundus

Front 104

main part of stomach

Back 104

Body

Front 105

narrows body of stomach; lower half

Back 105

Pyloric Region

Front 106

approach to small intestine

Back 106

Pyloric Canal

Front 107

pylorus; muscle that acts in regurgitation of food

Back 107

Pyloric sphincter

Front 108

____ glands are secretory parts of the stomach

Back 108

Gastric

Front 109

near gastric pit; mucous

Back 109

Mucous Cell

Front 110

secretes digestive enzymes

Back 110

Chief Cell

Front 111

holds hydrochloric acid

Back 111

Parietal Cell

Front 112

a combination of secretions of all 3 gastric glands

Back 112

Gastric juice

Front 113

most important digestive enzyme; starts digestion

Back 113

Pepsin

Front 114

a hormone that increases gastric gland secretions

Back 114

Gastrin

Front 115

semi fluid paste of food and gastric juices

Back 115

Chyme:

Front 116

Stomach’s rate of emptying depends on:

Back 116

1.fluid of chime
2.food present

Front 117

Endocrine and exocrine; secretes digestive juice

Back 117

Pancreas

Front 118

Enzyme to digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Back 118

Pancreatic Juice

Front 119

carbohydrate-digesting

Back 119

Pancreatic amylase:

Front 120

fat digesting

Back 120

Pancreatic lipase:

Front 121

protein splitting

Back 121

Proteinases:

Front 122

breakdown nucleic acids into nucleotides

Back 122

Nucleases:

Front 123

Regulated by nerve action and hormones

Back 123

Pancreas

Front 124

released into blood from the duodenum and stimulates pancreatic juice releases; helps to neutralize digestion in intestine

Back 124

Secretin:

Front 125

from intestinal wall but increases digestive enzymes

Back 125

Chylecystokinin:

Front 126

-Largest gland in the body
-Carbohydrate metabolism to maintain blood glucose

Back 126

Liver

Front 127

1.form urea
2.blood protein (clotting)
3.amino acids changed to other amino acids
4. secretes bile

Back 127

Protein metabolism

Front 128

eat up bad red blood cells

Back 128

macrophages:

Front 129

alters toxic substances

Back 129

detoxification:

Front 130

Large right lobe; small left lobe

Back 130

liver

Front 131

hepatic cells that radiate out from the central vein

Back 131

Hepatic lobules:

Front 132

remove bacteria

Back 132

Kupffer cells:

Front 133

-Yellow-green liquid
-For digestion purposes

Back 133

Bile

Front 134

Sac on the ventral side of the liver

Back 134

Gall Bladder

Front 135

leads to the duodenum

Back 135

Common bile duct

Front 136

Three Parts of s. intestine:

Back 136

-Duodenum: first part
-Jejunum: second part
-Ileum: third part

Front 137

velvet lining

Back 137

Intestinal villi:

Front 138

breaks down proteins into amino acids

Back 138

Peptidases:

Front 139

Converts disaccharides (sucrase, maltase, lactase) into monosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

Back 139

small intestine

Front 140

fats are converted into fatty acids + glycerol

Back 140

Intestinal lipase:

Front 141

sphincter muscle; where ileum joins the caecum

Back 141

Ileocecal valve:

Front 142

start of the large intestine

Back 142

Caecum:

Front 143

no digestive function; lymphatic tissue to resist infection

Back 143

vermiform appendix:

Front 144

caecum and above

Back 144

Ascending colon:

Front 145

goes left and across; longest part

Back 145

Transverse:

Front 146

goes down

Back 146

Descending:

Front 147

s-shape of descending portion

Back 147

Sigmoid:

Front 148

along sacrum curve; ends after the coccyx

Back 148

Rectum

Front 149

last 2.5 – 4.0 cm of the large intestine

Back 149

Anal Canal

Front 150

distal end; sphincter muscles

Back 150

anus

Front 151

occurs 2/3 times a day; push contents to the rectum

Back 151

Mass movement:

Front 152

hold breath, contract abdominal wall muscles

Back 152

Defecation reflex:

Front 153

materials that cannot be digested; 75% water

Back 153

Feces:

Front 154

process when food are taken in and used by the body

Back 154

Nutrition:

Front 155

food substances; essentials needed by the body

Back 155

Nutrients:

Front 156

-Sugars and Starches
-Supply energy
-Grains, vegetables, seafood, sugars

Back 156

Carbohydrates

Front 157

-Organic compounds
-Triglycerides such as fats and oils
-Meats, eggs, milk, lard, and nuts
-Has cholesterols

Back 157

lipids

Front 158

-Organic compounds that serve as structural materials in cells
-Regulate metabolic reactions
-Supply energy

Back 158

protiens

Front 159

examples of proteins

Back 159

Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs, and cereal

Front 160

Essential amino acids:
-___that cannot be made
-___need all 10
-___need 8

Back 160

-10
-children
-adults

Front 161

have adequate amounts of essential amino acids

Back 161

Complete Proteins:

Front 162

lack essential amino acid tryptophan, lysine, and gelatin; results in the inability to support tissue maintenance and growth

Back 162

Incomplete Proteins:

Front 163

lack essential amino acids lysine; tend not to promote growth but will maintain life

Back 163

Partially Complete Proteins: