Uwsp Ecology Exam #1

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Ecology

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scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

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Hierachy Formed Includes:

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Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Biome, and Biosphere

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Individual:

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lone organism by itself and a single unit of a larger group

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Population:

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group of individuals (same species) living in the same area

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Community:

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group of populations living in same area--different species interact with one another

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Ecosystem:

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group of communities occupying similar habitats, there are hundreds of communities

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Landscape:

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very large scale (continent), large patterns are observed (grasslands in North America)

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Biome:

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regional/climatic change

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Biosphere:

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1 biosphere on the plant (Earth), the surface portion that supports life, thin layer between 100 feet down and 1000 feet up

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Ecosystem:

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organisms that interact with the environment in the context of the ecosystem

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Biotic:

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living interactions

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Abiotic:

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non-living interactions (physical or chemical) such as soil, rock, temperature, and carbon

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The basic unit of ecology is?

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the individual

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Geological Timeline:

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units of time, based on estimates

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Eons (4):

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0.5 billion years or more, formation of continents, moving of continents, formation of O2 in the atmosphere

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Era (12):

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several hundred million years, mountain ranges, rain forests, biomes appear/disappear

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Periods:

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hundred million years, dinosaurs

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Epoch:

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tens of million years, birds achieving flight

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Ages:

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millions of years, human evolution

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Processes that can alter genetic variation:

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1) Mutations
2) Genetic Drift
3) Migration/Gene Flow

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Mutations:

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heritable changes; random, new, adaptation

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Genetic Drift:

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change in allele frequency due to random chance associated with sexual reproduction

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Migration/Gene Flow:

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movement of individuals between local populations; movement of genes between populations

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle:

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based on theory that allele/genotypic frequency will remain the same in succesive generations of a sexually reproducing population if certain criteria are met.

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Hardy-Weinberg Criteria:

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1) mating is random
2) mutations do not occur
3) the population is lage
4) no migration
5) no natural selection

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Hardy-Weinberg Equation

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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

OR

p + q = 1

**absence of mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

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Species:

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when varation in environmental conditions give rise to corresponding varations in morphological, physiological and/or behavioral characteristics

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Species mating:

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Two different species should not be able to mate with one another!

Two different species should live in two different habitats and use them differently

**Classical example with finches

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Adaptive radiation:

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process in which species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of an environment

http://www.biology-online.org/images/darwin_finches.jpg

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Assortative mating:

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occurs when the individual choose mates based on phenotype

*female deer/antler size

http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v97/n1/images/6800840f2.jpg

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Positive assortative mating:

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occurs when mates are more similar to each other than expected by chance

*increase homozygote frequency!

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Negative assortative mating:

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occurs when mates are less similar to each other than expected by chance

*increase heterozygote frequency!

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Inbreeding:

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mating of closely related individuals

*increase homozygousity at all loci

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Inbreeding Offspring Problems:

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more likely to inherit rare, recessive, deletarious genes that lower overall fitness

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Inbreeding depression:

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disappear species, depends on environmental influences, food sources

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Punctuated Evolution:

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evolution by natural selection can occur over relatively short periods of time

sudden shifts, short generation time, punctuated equillibrium

http://www.deusdiapente.net/science/evolution.php?query=punk