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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does oikos mean?
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greek for home
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what does logos mean?
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greek for study or science
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what does oiko logia mean?
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ecology= the study of immediate surroundings or environment
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when and who termed ecology?
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1866 by ernst haeckel, german biologist. oekologie
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what is ecology?
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scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms, with the effects of the abiotic environment on those interactions
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what is holism?
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studying the total behavior or attributes of a complex system, NOT INDIVUDUALS
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what is reductionism?
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studying all parts of a system to understand how a whole system functions
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what are mensurative experiments?
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measure natural variability of systems to generate and test hypotheses
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what are manipulative experiments?
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generate hypotheses then manipulate system before measuring
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what are math models?
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use data to develop statistical models to describe patterns
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what is a null hypothesis?
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a hypothesis you set up as an inductive argument to prove prediction is true, you disprove something by stating that this is no relationship
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what is a standard error?
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measure of how well a sample represents a population. the variability around a mean
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what does ANOVA stand for?
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Analysis of Variance. it is used to compare means and lets you know if multiple means are better than one mean
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what is the p value?
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probability
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when is the p value significant?
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when p<.05, you reject the null
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when is the p value not significant?
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when p>.05, you fail to reject the null
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what is a regression test?
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tests the linear relationship between 2 variables
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if R squared =0, what does that mean? R squared =1?
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R=0 means no relationship
R=1 means relationship |
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what is biogeography?
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the study of geographic distributions of organisms that spans geography, ecology, and geology
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Describe the 3 patterns we see in nature when using scales and maps of geographic range and % of species
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Normal distribution
Small geographic range and large % of species Large geographic range and small % of species |
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what is the most common graph we use with geographic range and % of species?
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small geographic range and large % of species
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what is rapport's rule?
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geographic ranges decrease in size from pole to equator (increase in geographic range from equator to poles)
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what is the climatic variability hypothesis?
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climate is more variable at high latitudes and organisms that can tolerate this variability can live there
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any relationship between the size of the range and a species's abundance?
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yes, species with larger ranges tend to be more abundant
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what is a generalist?
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a species that can indulge a wide variety of resources becomes both widespread and common (doesn't care if it's spinach or steak)
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what is a specialist?
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species that only indulges in a few resources, has smaller ranges and is less abundant. (has strict requirements like food and shelter)
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what are the factors that limit species ranges?
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Barriers
Behavior Other Species Physical/Chemical Factors |
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what is Liebig's Law?
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called the law of the minimum, says that rate of any biological process is limited by a single factor that is least available relative to an organisms requirements
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what is shelford's law?
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known as the law of tolerance, states that species distribution is controlled by the environmental factor for which the species has the lowest tolerance (ex snail can't live in area greater than 37 degrees C)
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define weather
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combination of temp, humidity, rain, wind, cloudiness, etc that occurs at a specific place and time
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define climate
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the long term average patterns of weather
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what drives the climate?
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sun
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what is the trophosphere?
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the atmospheric layer right next to the earth. where water vapor occurs and where our weather is found.
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what is an albedo?
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% of reflectivity a surface has
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why does temperature decrease with increasing altitude?
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-due to the trophosphere
-air circulates in convection currents -air temperature drops rapidly with increasing altitude -tropopause is the transition boundary that limits mixing between trophosphere and stratosphere -downward force and density |
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what is the relationship between molecules and high altitude? molecules and low altitude?
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low air pressure means low energy and slower movement of molecules, lower temp
high air pressure means high energy and fast moving molecules for high temp |
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what drives differences in precipitations?
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uneven heating of the earth
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go through the precipitation model
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oceans absorb energy which causes evaporation of water, the warmer temperature increases the moisture hold which raises air moisture and we see a cooling, which decreases temperature without a loss of heat. air cools and less moisture is held and releases as rain.
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when you hear low air pressure, it means this
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that air is raising and there will be rain soonish
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when you hear high air pressure, it means this
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that the air is descending and will be dry
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what is a coriolis force?
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rotation of the earth causes objects in motion (air, water, etc.) to be deflected from initial trajectory
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what is the law of angular momentum?
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object moving from greater circumference to lesser circumference will deflect in direction of earth's spin
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what are the patterns of ocean circulation caused by?
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atmospheric circulation, land, and coriolis forces.
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what direction do ocean currents go in northern hemi?
southern hemi? |
clockwise in nothern
counter-clockwise in southern |
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what is general precipitation caused by?
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raising and sinking of air masses
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describe rain shadows
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-moving body of air is forced upwards as it encounters a mountain (density decreases, we see adiabatic cooling)
-as air cools, its moisture holding capability lessens, and it rains on windward side -air descends once over mountain, and descends/warms |
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what is a biome?
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characteristic types of vegetation found across the earth's surface, dictated by large scale climatic variation
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what are normal interactions between the ocean and atmosphere in eastern pacific?
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cold rich water rises due to winds blowing, and it warms water to the west. rich nutrients are brought up and lets algae grow. coast will be dry
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what are the conditions of el nino?
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reduced upwelling of the cold water because winds slacken
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what are the conditions of el nina?
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similar to normal condition, but cool water extends west more and droughts are caused
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water forms hydrogen bonds with who?
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itself and other polar molecules
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what is responsible for many of the physical properties of water?
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H-Bonding
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what is specific heat?
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energy needed to raise temperature 1degree Celsius
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what temperature is the max density of water?
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4 degrees celsius
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what is cohesion?
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attraction of water moleculres to water molecules
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what is the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules called?
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cohesion
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what is viscosity?
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the force necessary to separate molecules and allow passage through liquid (100x greater than air)
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what does angle dependent mean?
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the lower the angle, the more is reflected
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increasing water depth causes trasmittance of light to do what?
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decrease
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formula for net primary production is this
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gross primary production - respiration by autotrophs
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where does the net primary production peak?
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below water surface
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what is the epilimnion?
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warm, low density surface water
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what is the thermocline?
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zone of rapid temperature change
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what is the hypolimnion?
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cold, high density deep water
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what are the three layers of water?
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epilimnion
thermocline hypolimnion |
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what is large body water circulation caused by? when does this happen?
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warming and cooling of water. spring and fall overturn
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as water temp increases, what happens to solids?
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dissolve more quickly
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as more ions become dissolved in water, what happens to density?
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increases
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the solubility of gases in water tends to be greater as water temp does this
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temperature decreases
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does gas content change with water temp?
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yes
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what are gyres?
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circulation patterns
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as PH increases, % of free CO2 does this
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decreases
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as PH increases between 4-12, % Bicarbonate does this
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increases
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as PH increases past 8, % carbonic acid does this
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increases
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acid does what in water to increase [H]?
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dissociates
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what is a buffer system
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minimizes PH change as acid or base is added
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what is the PH in most quatic systems?
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7.4-8
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what is the most common buffering system in aquatic systmes?
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bicarbonate
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what does lotic mean?
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freshwater that is flowing )rivers and streams)
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what does lentic mean?
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freshwater that is nonflowing (lakes/ponds)
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what is the hydologic water cycle?
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whater that falls down from the atmosphere onto land and sea, this water deposited on land is transported via streams/rivers. evaporation occurs and transition return water back to atmosphere
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what is the percent of all water with salt water vs. fresh water?
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97.6% salt water
2.4% freshwater |
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what are some of the constaints to living on land
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gravity
water balance timing and quantity of perception variation of temperature |
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what is the leaf area index
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quantity of leaves or foilage density
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what is the equation for leaf area index?
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total leaf area/projected ground area
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what does the graph of LAI and available light look like?
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descending curve
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what does the graph of available light and net photosynthesis look like?
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ascending curve
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what does the graph of LAI and net photosynthesis look like?
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linear
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define soil
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a layer of chemically and biologically altered material that overlies rock or other unaltered material at the surface of the earth
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O soil horizon
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Organic: leaf litter, decomposed and loose material
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A soil horizon
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Topsoil: the good stuff, fertile, max amoutn of nutrients, biologically active=organisms live and die here
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E soil horizon
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Leached: water gets in and leaches out nutrients=eluviation
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B soil horizon
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Subsoil: Illuvation, little organic material, resembles underlying rock, dense texture
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C soil horizon
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WeatheredL bed rock/little organic material
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R soil horizon
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Bedrock: no alterations
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what are the 3 types of weathering of rocks
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1. Physical
2. Chemical 3. Biological |
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Describe physical weathering of rocks
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crystallization, weather, expansion and contraction
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describe chemical weathering of rocks
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leaching due to water, oxidation, reduction
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describe biological weathering of rocks
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organisms accelerate process. plant roots fracture rocks
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Hans Jenny's equation to soil
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CLORPT
climate organisms relief parent material time |
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which holds more water, clay or sand?
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clay
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what is cation exchange capacity?
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buffers soils against acidification. soil has negative charge, so it holds onto positive ions and looses important anions
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what are the 5 main proceses that give raise to soil?
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laterization
calcification salinization podzolization gleization |
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describe laterization
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common in hot rainy tropics
rapid weathering heaving leaching of cations=acidic iron and aluminum left behind see roots above ground supporting/buttresses |
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describe calcification
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evaporation exceeds percipitation
upward and downward movement of alkaline salts bluild up in B horizon. a band is formed |
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describe salinization
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dry climate
salt deposits at or near surface |
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describe podozolization
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cool moist climates with coniferous vegetation
acidic conditions |
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describe gleization
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high rainfall or poor drainage
slow organic decomposition organic acids react with iron in soil |
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the majority of individuals die before reaching this
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reproductive maturity
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the genetic makup of future populations is most influence by what?
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individuals with the most descendants
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what is evolution
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change over time in the heritable characteristics of a population or species
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what is genetic drift?
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change in allele frequencies due to random variations in fecundity and mortality in a population
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what does evolutionary fitness involve?
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both individual's survival and reproductive output
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what are the 3 main ingredients to natural selection?
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1. variation among individuals
2. inheritance of variation 3. variation due to survival and reproduction |
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what is adaptation
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any heritable trait that has evolved by natural selection to maintain or increase the fitness of an organism
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what does endemic mean?
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occurs there and nowhere else
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what is adaptive radiation?
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diversification of single species into several forms, each adapted to a specific niche
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what is phenotype plasticity
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capacity to respond to environmental variation, adjustments to change can be behavioral, physiological, and developmental, and can increase individual fitness
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what is behavior plasticity
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ex: microhabitat used by cactus wrens.
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what is a reaction norm
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set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental condtions.
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what is physiological plasticity?
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ex: goldfish swimming speed vs. temperature difference
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what is acclimatization
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shift in range of physiological tolerances that allow adaptation
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what is deveolpmental plasticity
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phenotype fixed due to developmental differences. genotype is the same but phenotype differs (ex: floating leaves vs submerged leaves)
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what are the 3 flavors of selection?
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1. directional
2. stabilizing 3. disruptive |
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describe directional selection
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changes the average value of a trait
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describe stabilizing selection
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reduces the amount of variation in a trait
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describe disruptive selection
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increases the amount of variation in a trait
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what are barriers to gene exchange?
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courtship rituals/male displays/pheremones
timing of reproductive receptivity habitat choices incompatable genetalia |
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what happened to cichlid fish diversity as a result of increased turbidity?
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loss of diversity
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what is adaptive radiation?
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evolution of a variety of forms from a single ancestral stock
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what are the 3 adaptations we looked at in cichlid fish
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habitat
feeding apparatus color patterns |
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what is trophic radiation
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mechanism most likely selective advantage for individuals who could make use of an under utilized food resource
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what is sexual selection
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selection by one sex for specific characteristics in individuals of the opposite sex
ex: cichlid male color |
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what type of selection graph do we see with cichlid fish?
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disruptive
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what is eutrophication?
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enrichment of water by nutrients required by plant growth
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what are some causes or eutrophication in lake victoria?
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deforestation, agricultural practices, nile perch eat up primary produces, industrialization/urbanization
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what were the results of a monochromatic light on male cichlids for females?
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mated indiscriminantly
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what are the 3 stages of photosynthesis
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1. capture energy from sunlight (light dependent)
2. use energy to make ATP and NADPH (light dependent) 3. use ATP and NADPH to power the synthesis of carbs from CO2 (light independent) |
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what is the overall equation of photosynthesis?
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6CO2+6H20+light=C6 H12 06 +6O2
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where does photosynthesis occur in leaves?
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mesophyll cells of leaf
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what is the enzyme in C3 plants?
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rubisco
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what is the problem C3 plants have with rubisco?
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low affinity for CO2
it binds both O2 and CO2 |
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what is the equation for net photosynthesis
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photosynthesis-respiration
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what is point where light no longer is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?
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light saturation point
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describe leaf thickness and anatomy of sun plants
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leaf thickness greater and have tall piles of chloroplasts
more upright orientation and many layers of leaves wants a small boundary layer and small surface area |
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describe leaf thickness and anatomy of shade plants
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have more outward facing SA relative to volume in shade leaves
single horizontal layer arrangement to max light capture larger leaves to increase boundary layer |
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what is convection
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transfer of heat energy between a solid and moving fluid (air)
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what is evaporation
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loss of heat energy through conversion of water liquid to a vapor
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what is a boundary layer in plants
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layer of sill air of water adjacent to the surface
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what happens to a boundary layer under still conditions?
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thickens
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what happens to a boundary layer with wind of water flow
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thins
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where does CO2 enter leaves
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stomata
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what is drought tolerance
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minimum water loss and maximum CO2 gain
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what are some adaptations plants have for drought tolerance
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waxy cuticles
upright leave orientation hairy leaves deep roots organs for water storage modify photosynthetic pathway to C4 |
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describe C3 plants
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CO2 taken up by widely spaced mesophyll cells
18 ATP to fix one glucose molecule more sensitive to photorespiration |
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what is more sensitive to photorespiration... C3 or C4?
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C3
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describe C4 plants
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CO2 released by C4 components within bundle sheath cells
[CO2] build up 30 ATP to fix one glucose less sensitive to photorespiration |
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what is photorespiration
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when photosynthesis uses O2 instead of CO2 for photosynthesis
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what is the difference between C4 and CAM plants?
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C4 grows under hot dry conditions and has spatial separation of steps
CAM grows under desert conditions and has temporal separation of steps |
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what is drought avoidance?
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when plants adapt their life history to live through drought period as seeds rather than in plant form. germinates when water becomes available
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why is nitrogen a limiting nutrient in plants
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it needs to be fixed from N2 gas to ammonium or nitrate in order for plants to use it
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what are some adaptations of plants to fire
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release seeds under heat
thick bark grow in cooler or wetter habitats where fire is less cloned roots which sprout after fire asex reproductive tissue underground to regenerate rapidly after fire |
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how often do large fires usually burn forests in YNP
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250-400 yrs
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how often do large fires usually burn grasslands in YNP
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25-60 yrs
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what are 3 types of fires
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understory
stand replacing crown |
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what does suppressing fire do
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reduces the # and variety of plant and animal species
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what percent of naturally started fires go out by themselvs
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80%
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