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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ELISA |
-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay -Ab based method -antigens detected: pathogens, pathogen products, serum Ab -amt of colored product quantified by light absorb acne (spectrophotometry) and compared to known pos and neg standards -two common designs: standard and sandwich -standard: known Ag on plastic, Ab to measured binds to Ag, Enzyme labeled Ab specific Fc portion of target Ab detects Ab target (that is specifically bound to Ag on plastic) -sandwich: Ab of known specificity (capture Ab) on plastic, Ag target binds to Ab, enzyme labeled Ab against diff epitope of same target Ag (detection Ab) |
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RIA |
-radio-Immunology assay -Ab body based method -antigens detected: similar to ELISA but used when target in low abundance (i.e hormone) -Ab specific for hormone is bound to late, unknown sample w/target hormone is washed over Ab plate, then wash away unbound, radio I-labeled hormone washed over, wash away unbound, measure radioactivity and amount of radioactivity is inversely proportional to conc of hormone in sample |
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Flow Cytomer (FACS analysis) |
-detects optical properties of cells -Ab based method Ag detected: cell surface proteins (markers of activation state, cell type), internal proteins (cytokines, cytoplasmic signaling molecules) -mixture of cells labeled w/specific fluorescent Ab mixed and in cytometer, droplets each w/one cell are released and lasers are flashed through and detected -forward scatter of laser light (light), side scatter (granularity) -during analysis, gates (parameters) are set up in graph |
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Immunofluorescence Microscopy |
-Ab based -similar to FACS analysis -stain w/fluorescent Ab to see different things (i.e. Distribution of cells w/in tissues, to see protein distribution w/in cells) and observe under fluorescent microscope |
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Western Blot |
-Ab based method -Ag detected: cell proteins or pathogen proteins (typically denatured) -protein sample separated by size via electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, transferred to memb, detection of specific proteins using specific Ab over memb |
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Polyclonal antibodies |
-by immunization of host animals -used when Ag needs to be detected w/max signal |
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Monoclonal antibodies |
-by immunization of rodents, then fusion of reactive spleen cells with tumor (myeloma) cells -used when Ag needs to be detected w/intense specificity |
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Southern Blot |
-Nucleic acid based method -separation of endonuclease digested DNA fragments, transfer to memb, hybridization to specific radio labeled DNA probe, exposure to X ray |
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Microarray |
-simultaneous analysis of expression of thousands of genes -reveal specific signaling or metabolic pathways that differ btwn multiple samples -identify individual genes differentially expressed -identify similarities or distinctions btwn samples not apparent from other methods -prep (glass slide and DNA seq from individual genes where one spot is one gene), sample hybridization (control w/red or green tag and sample w/opposite color tag washed over slide), data collection -can have Ab microarrays, tissue arrays etc |
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Cytotoxicity assay |
-cellular based assay -chromium release assay -target cells loaded w/Cr, addition of effector cells (usually CTL), allow lysis, measure amt of Cr released into media -so if no lysis then Cr inside cell and if lysis then Cr released into media |
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Proliferation assay |
-cellular based method -one way to assess leukocyte function -measure ability of B/T cells to proliferate in response to mitogenic stimuli -cells in tissue culture w/radiolabeled nucleic adds and mitogenic stimulation, after growth, excess label washed out, cells harvested, measure -measurement of incorporation of radio label allows proliferative response to be quantified |
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Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) |
-cellular based method -mix MHCa T cells and irradiated MCHb non T cels as APC cells -measure proliferation of T cells by incorporation of H-thymidine: T cell proliferation depends on differences in MHC class II alleles -measure killing of Cr labeled target cells to detect activated cytotoxic T cells: generation of cytotoxic T cells depends on differences in MHC class I alleles |
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Rejection |
-Host T cells and Ig recognize graft and destroy graft -b/c molecules are 1) polymorphic 2) codominantly expressed |
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Polymorphic |
Different btwn individuals |
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Codominantly expressed |
Both alleles expressed equally |
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Minor histocompatability Ag |
-Self proteins/male-female (H-Y) Ag, can cause slower rejection |
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Major histocompatibility (MHC) |
-role in graft rejection -TCR recognition |
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Graft |
a piece of living tissue that is transplanted surgically aka transplant
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Orthotopic |
occurring at the normal place in the body -pertaining to a tissue transplant grafted into its normal place in the body |
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Heterotopic |
-Occurring in an abnormal anatomic location
-Grafted or transplanted into an abnormal location: heterotopic liver transplantation. |
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Stem cells (HSC) |
stem cells Pluripotential progenitor cells from which a whole class of cells differentiate. A stem cell in the bone marrow, for instance, gives rise to the entire range of immune system blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes/macrophages, platelets, T cells and B cells) and the red blood cells (erythrocytes). Stem cells from embryos or umbilical cord blood have a considerable potential for medical treatment. Implanted stem cells are capable of converting to definitive tissue cells because they contain the complete genome and appropriate parts of this will be switched on in response to the new environment. Isolated adult mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to change appropriately in response to the physical density or toughness of that environment and become nerve tissue, fat, ligament, tendon, muscle, cartilage or bone. To be effective, stem cell therapy must take account of this fact.
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Autologous |
-Occurring naturally and normally in a certain type of tissue or in a specific structure of the body
-In transplantation, referring to transfer of an organ or other tissue from one location to another in the same person; or to blood or blood components that the donor has previously donated and receives at a later time, usually perioperatively. |
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Syngeneic |
in transplantation biology, denoting individuals or tissues having identical genotypes, i.e., identical twins or animals of the same inbred strain, or their tissues
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Allogenic |
-Used in transplantation biology. It pertains to different gene constitutions within the same species; antigenically distinct -(in genetics) denoting an individual or cell type that is from the same species but genetically distinct. -(in transplantation biology) denoting tissues, particularly stem cells from either bone marrow or peripheral blood, that are from the same species but antigenically distinct; homologous. Also spelled allogeneic. Compare syngeneic, xenogeneic. |
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Xenogenic |
-in transplantation biology, denoting individuals or tissues from individuals of different species and hence of disparate cell type -denoting individuals or cell types of different species and different genotypes -denoting tissues from different species that are therefore antigenically dissimilar |
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Alloantigen |
-an antigen existing in alternative (allelic) forms in a species, thus inducing an immune response when one form is transferred to members of the species who lack it; typical alloantigens are the blood group antigens
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Xenoantigens |
an antigen occurring in organisms of more than one species
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Alloreactive |
pertaining to the immune response in reaction to a transplanted allograft
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acute allograft rejection |
-weeks, cell mediated CD8 and CD4 cytokines production (IFN g) -T cell response: CD8 attack graft directly, CD4 secrete cytokines that cause inflammation -B cell response: de novo formation of anti donor HLA ab by recipient that attack graft vasculature |
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Hyperacute rejection |
-minutes, due to pre formed Ab -B cell response: preformed host Ab to donor HLA; seen in patients w/previous transplant etc |
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Chronic allograft rejection |
-years, endothelial damage -T cell response: long term lymphocyte activation in response to allo Ag in vascular endothelium -B cell response: poorly understood process where Ab attack vasculature |
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Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) |
-seen w/transatlantic of immunocompetent cells into immune crippled host -donor T cell recognition of host (minor) Ag but Major HLA Ag usually matched -acute vs chronic |
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Acute GVHD |
-weeks/months after transplant -donor T cell (CD8) mediated -epithelial cell death in skin, liver, GI tract -rash, jaundice, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage |
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Chronic GVHD |
-long term fibrosis of skin, GI, liver, autoimmunity |
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Immunodeficiency post transplant |
-X-ray/conditioning effects, loss of memory pool, takes >1 year for thymus to reeducate donor T cells -given competent T cells and work for little but then die, mostly given stem cells that need to go through entire process and reeducate |
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Mixed lymphocyte reaction |
-used to screen donor vs host runs -general measure of in vitro T cell function (proliferation) that doesn't require priming -Mix MHCa T cells and irradiated MHCb non T cells as APC then: 1) measure T cell proliferation or 2) measure T cell cytotoxicity |
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Immunosuppresion |
-global suppression of immune function prevents T cell/immune response to allograft -opportunistic infections are risk |
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ABO/RH |
-RBCs (and all cells) can express ABO/Rh Ag -ABO Ag are glycosylated surface proteins -Type O is universal donor, Type AB is universal receipient |
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Mucosal tissue |
-endothelial cells secrete mucus -mouth, esophagus, skin, stomach, colon, vagina |
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Goblet cell |
Makes mucus |
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Peyers patches |
-are organized lymphoid nodules -they are aggregations of gut associated lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine - Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating the generation of the immune response within the mucosa |
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M cell |
-unique to mucosa -don't have as much mucus as other epithelial -allow Ag to move from lumen into peyer's patch -Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are known to initiate mucosal immunity responses on the apical membrane of the M cells and allow for transport of microbes and particles across the epithelial cell layer from the gut lumen to the lamina propria where interactions with immune cells can take pla |
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MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) |
diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sub-mucosa membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the lymphoid tissue.
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Dendritic cells |
-sample and process Ag and transport them to LN -produce anti inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-10 and TFGbeta -express lower levels of TLR so don't over react to microbial stimuli |
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Macrophages |
-phagocytosis -anti inflammatory IL-10 |
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Neutrophils |
-phagocytosis and killing -pro inflammatory |
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Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) |
-IL-17 and IL-22 |
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Paneth cells |
-defensins -btwn interstitial lymphocytes |
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SCID |
-RAG1/2, ADA, DNA repair enzymes -characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in heterogeneous clinical presentations.[2] SCID involves defective antibody response due to either direct involvement with B lymphocytes or through improper B lymphocyte activation due to non-functional T-helper cells.[3] Consequently, both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiencies, -affected by severe bacterial, viral, or fungal infections early in life and often present with interstitial lung disease, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive |
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T cell deficiency |
-SCID -IL2RG, JAK3, IL-7R, TCR signaling molecules |
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Selective B cell immunodeficiencies |
-XLA (BTK) |
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B/T cell differentiation defects |
-Hyper IgM (CD40L, NEMO, AID) -Th1 defects (IL-12/IFN-g signaling) -Th17 defects (STAT3) |
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Innate immune effects |
-neutrophils (GCD) |
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Allergy |
-deleterious, unwanted response produced by immune system to generally harmless external Ag |
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Autoimmunity |
-deleterious, unwanted response produced by immune system to self antigen |
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Type I Hypersensitivity |
-IgE mediated -5-30 min onset -atopic asthma, hay fever -airborne allergens (allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, atopic asthma), food allergens (ab pain, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting), cutaneous allergen (eczema), systemic allergens (anaphylaxis) |
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Atopy |
-predisposition to allergic sensitivity |
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Allergen |
-often glycoprotein -low molecular weight -often enzymatically active -stable to heat, acid, proteases -usually repetitive |
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Immunological tolerance |
Inhibition of effective immune response to specific challenges |
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Central tolerance |
Tolerance acquired during lymphocyte development |
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Peripheral tolerance |
Tolerance acquired after lymphocyte development |
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Immune privilege |
-Able to tolerate intro to Ag -immune privileged sites: brain, eye, testis, uterus |
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Mimicry |
-one of ways leading to autoimmune T cell stimulation -Ag from bug fits into T cell groove, similar enough to self Ag which creates Ab to self |
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Type II Hypersensistivity |
-Ab mediated (IgG, IgM) -min-hours onset -i.e pemphigus, drug induced hemolytic anemia |
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Type III Hypersensitivity |
-immune complex (IgG, IgM) -3-12 hours onset -i.e. Lupus, farmer's lung |
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Type IV Hypersensistivity |
-cell mediated -48-27 hours -i.e poison ivy, nickel dermatitis, PPD test |
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IgM |
-functional activity: neutralization (+), opsonization (+), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (-), activates compliment (+++) -distribution: transport across epithelium (+), transport across placenta (-), diffusion into extravascular sites (+/-), mean serum level 1.5 -can activate complement: pentameric IgM bind to Ag on bact surface and adopt staple form, C1q binds to one bound IgM, binding of C1q activate C1r which cleaves and activates serine protease C1s |
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IgD |
-functional activity: neutralization (-), opsonization (-), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (-), activates compliment (-) -distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (-), diffusion into extravascular sites (-), mean serum level 0.04 |
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IgG1 |
-functional activity: neutralization (++), opsonization (++), sensitization for killing by NK (++), sensitization of mast cells (+), activates compliment (++)
-distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (+++), diffusion into extravascular sites (+++), mean serum level 9 |
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IgG2 |
-functional activity: neutralization (++), opsonization (*), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (-), activates compliment (+)
-distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (+), diffusion into extravascular sites (+++), mean serum level 3 |
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IgG3 |
-functional activity: neutralization (++), opsonization (++), sensitization for killing by NK (++), sensitization of mast cells (+), activates compliment (+++)
-distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (++), diffusion into extravascular sites (+++), mean serum level 1 |
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IgG4 |
-functional activity: neutralization (++), opsonization (+), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (-), activates compliment (-)
-distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (+/-), diffusion into extravascular sites (+++), mean serum level 0.5 |
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IgE |
-functional activity: neutralization (-), opsonization (-), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (+++), activates compliment (-)
-distribution: transport across epithelium (-), transport across placenta (-), diffusion into extravascular sites (+), mean serum level 3x10^-5 -bound by receptors on mast cells which triggers mast cells to release chemical mediators that induce rxn such as coughing/sneezing/vomiting - |
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IgA |
-functional activity: neutralization (++), opsonization (+), sensitization for killing by NK (-), sensitization of mast cells (-), activates compliment (+) -distribution: transport across epithelium (+++ diner), transport across placenta (-), diffusion into extravascular sites (++ monomer), mean serum level 2.1 -dimeric IgA major class present in gut lumen (transported into gut lament hrough epithelial cells at base, binds to layer of mucus overlying gut epithelium, will neutralize pathogens and toxins in gut) |
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IgG (general) |
-neutralization of toxins protects from damage (usually toxin binds to cell receptors, and endocytosis which poisons cell but IgG Ab block binding of toxin) -principal class in blood and extra cell fluid -opsonizes pathogens for engulfment by phagocytes -activates complement system via bind to Ag on bact surface and C1q binds to at least two IgG Ab, binding of C1q to Ig activates Cr which cleaves and activates serine protease C1s |
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FcgammaRI |
-cell type: macrophage, neutrophil, eosinophil -bind: IgG1 -effect: uptake, stimulation, activation of respiratory burst, induction of killing |
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FcgammaRII-A |
-cell type: macrophage, neutrophil, eosinophil, platelet -bind: IgG1 -effect: uptake, granule release |
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FcgammaRII-B2 |
-cell type: macrophage, neutrophil, eosinophil -bind: IgG1 -effect: uptake, inhibition of simulation |
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FcgammaRII-B1 |
-cell type: B cells, mast cells -bind: IgG1 -effect: no uptake, inhibition of stimulation |
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FcgammaRIII |
-cell type: NK cells, eosinophil, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells -bind: IgG1 -effect: induction of killing |
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FcepsilonRI |
-cell type: mast cells, basophils -bind: IgE -effect: secretion of granules |
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FcepsilonRII |
-cell type: eosinophils, b cells -bind: IgE -effect: degranulation |
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FcalphaRI |
-cell type: macrophage, eosinophil, neutrophil -bind: IgA1, IgA2 -effect: uptake, induction of killing |
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Fc alpha/muR |
-cell type: macrophage, B cell -bind: IgA, IgM -effect: uptake |
