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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Aorticopulmonary septum
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Astrocytes
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Autonomic ganglia
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Choroid plexus cells
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Cornea
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Ectoderm:(Anterior epithelium), Mesoderm:(Substantia propria and endothelium)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Eye
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Ectoderm:(lens, anterior epithelium of cornea),Neuroectoderm:(iris, dilatory/sphincter pupillae muscles),Mesoderm:(extraocular muscles, sclera, substantia propria of cornea, corneal endothelium, ciliary muscle of eye, choroid)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Oligodendrocytes
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Utricle
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Acinar and islet cells of pancreas
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Acinar cells of mammary gland
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Acinar cells of sublingual gland
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Acinar cells of submandibular gland
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Acinar cells of the parotid gland
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Adenohypophysis
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Adrenal cortex
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Ameloblasts (columnar epithelium of enamel inner layer)
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Anterior epithelium of the cornea
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Arachnoid Mater
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Blood vessel endothelium
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Bone
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Bones of neurocranium
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Cardiac muscle
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Cartilage
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Choroid of eye
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Ciliary body
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Ciliary muscle of eye
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: CN I
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: CN II
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: CNS neurons
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Cochlear duct
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Connective tissue
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Corneal endothelium
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Cranial ganglion
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Dermis of skin
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Dilator pupilae muscles
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Dorsal root ganglion
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Dura Mater
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Ependymocytes
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epidermis
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of auditory tube
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of biliary apparatus
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of bronchi
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsils
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of distal part of male urethra
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of external auditory meatus
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of female urethra
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of GI tract
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Endoderm (except lower anal canal: Ectoderm)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of lower anal canal
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of lungs
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of middle ear cavity
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of proximal majority of male urethra
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of trachea
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of urinary bladder
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of vagina
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial lining of male urethra
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Ectoderm:(Distal part),Endoderm:(Most of male urethra)
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None
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Epithelial reticular cells off thymus
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Extraocular muscles
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Mesoderm (Preotic Somites)
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None
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Hair
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Hepatocytes
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Iris
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Kidney
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Kupffer cells
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Laryngeal cartilages
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Lens of eye
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Lymph vessel endothelium
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Melanocytes
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Meninges
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Neural crest:(Pia and arachnoid),Mesoderm:(Dura)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Microglia
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Muscles of tongue (occipital somites)
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Nails
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Neurohypophysis
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Odontoblasts
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Olfactory placodes
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Optic chiasm
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Optic tract
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Oxyphil cells of parathyroid
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Parafollicular C cells of thyroid
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Pharyngeal arch muscles
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Pharyngeal arch skeletal components
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Pia Mater
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Pineal gland
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Pituitary gland
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Ectoderm:(Anterior pituitary),Neuroectoderm:(Posterior pituitary)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Principle cells of parathyroid
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Red Blood Cells
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Retina
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Saccule
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Salivary gland acini
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Ectoderm:(Parotid),Endoderm:(Submandibular,Sublingual)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Schwann cells
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Neural crest
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Sclera of eye
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Sebaceous glands
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Semicircular ducts
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Skeletal muscle
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Smooth muscle
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Sphincter pupilae muscles
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Spiral ganglion of CN VIII
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Spleen
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Substantia propria of cornea
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Sweat glands
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Tanycytes
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Neuroectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Testes/Ovaries
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Mesoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Thyroid follicular cells
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Endoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Tooth
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Ectoderm:(Ameloblast),Neural Crest:(Odontoblast)
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Derived from what germ cell layer: Vestibular ganglion of CN VIII
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Ectoderm
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Derived from what germ cell layer: White Blood Cells
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Mesoderm
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Fetal landmark, Day 2
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Zygote
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Fetal landmark, Day 3
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Morula
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Fetal landmark, Day 5
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Blastocyst
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Fetal landmark, Day 6
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Implantation of blastocyst
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Fetal landmark, Within week 2
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RULE OF 2S: Bilaminar disk:(epiblast,hypoblast),2 cavities:(amniotic cavity,yolk sac),2 placental components:(cyto/syncytiotrophoblast)
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Fetal landmark, Within week 3
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RULE OF 3S: Gastrulation:(Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm),New structures(Primitive streak,notochord,neural plate)
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Ectoderm comes from what?
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Epiblast
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Epiblast becomes what?
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Ectoderm
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Invagination of epiblast is called what?
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Primitive streak
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Cells from the primitive streak give rise to what?
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Intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm
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Fetal landmark: Weeks 3-8
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Neural tube formed, Organogenesis, extreme susceptibility to teratogens
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Neural plate becomes what?
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Neural tube and neural crest
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Neural crest comes from what?
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Edge of neural plate
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Neural tube comes from what?
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Invaginated/closed neural plate
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Fetal landmark, Week 4
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Heart begins to beat (4 chambers on week 4), Upper and lower limb buds begin to form
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Fetal landmark, Week 8
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Fetal movement, fetus looks like a baby
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Fetal landmark, Week 10
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Genitalia have male/female characteristics
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Alar plate vs Basal plate
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A: Sensory, B: Motor
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Mesodermal defects
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VACTERL (Vertebral, Anal atresia, Cardiac, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal, Limb)
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Most common congenital malformations
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Heart defects, Hypospadias, Cleft lip, Congenital hip dislocation, Spina bifida, Anencephaly, Pyloric stenosis
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None
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Teratogen categories
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Recreational drugs (Alcohol, Cocaine, Tobacco), Medications (ACE inhibitors, 13-cis-retinoic acid, Thalidomide, Warfarin, anticonvulsants), Other (Diethylbestrol [DES], Iodide, x-rays)
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Recreational drug teratogens
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Alcohol, cocaine, tobacco
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Teratogen effects: Alcohol
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Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation, Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Teratogen effects: ACE inhibitors
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Renal damage
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Teratogen effects: Cocaine
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Abnormal fetal development, fetal addiction
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Teratogen effects: Diethylbestrol [DES]
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Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Teratogen effects: Iodide
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Congenital goiter/hypothyroidism
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Teratogen effects: 13-cis-retinoic acid
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Extremely high risk for birth defects
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Teratogen effects: Thalidomide
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flipper limbs
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Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation
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Alcohol
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Teratogen effects: Tobacco
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Preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Renal damage
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ACE inhibitors
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Abnormal fetal development
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Cocaine
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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DES (Diethylbestrol)
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Congenital hypothyroidism
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Iodide
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: flipper limbs
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Thalidomide
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Preterm labor
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Tobacco
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: ADHD
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Tobacco
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Congenital goiter
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Iodide
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Teratogen most commonly associated with: Placental problems
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Tobacco
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Monozygotic twins: # of placentas, amniotic sacs and chorions
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1 placenta, 2 amniotic sacs, 1 chorion (or 2 placentas, 2 amniotic sacs, 2 chorions)
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Dizygotic twins: # of placentas, amniotic sacs and chorions
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2 placentas, 2 amniotic sacs, 2 chorions
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Contents of the umbilical cord
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2 umbilical arteries (deoxy from fetal iliacs), 1 umbilical vein (oxy to fetus), Allantoic duct (functions like fetal urethra) all floating in Wharton's jelly and surrounded by amniotic epithelium
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How many umbilical arteries are normally present and what happens if the wrong number is present?
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2 (1 umbilical artery is associated with congenital and chromosomal abnormalities)
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What happens to the Zona Pellucida before implantation?
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It degenerates prior to implantation.
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What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?
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Ampulla of uterine tube
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What is the most common site for an ectopic abdominal pregnancy?
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Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
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When can hCG be assayed in maternal blood and urine?
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Blood: 8 days
Urine: 10 days |
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What do very high levels of hCG indicate?
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Hydatidiform moles or Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (aka choriocarcinoma)
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What are oncofetal antigens?
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Cell surface antigens that normally only appear on embryonic cells.
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What is Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and what is it associated with?
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-Oncofetal antigen
-Associated with Colorectal carcinoma |
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What is alpha-Fetoprotein and what is it associated with?
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-Oncofetal antigen
-associated with hepatoma and germ cell tumors |
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What is the Hox complex?
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-Family of genes which encode transcription factors which control segmentation of the human embryo in a craniocaudal direction.
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What does mesoderm give rise to?
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-Paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres and 35 pairs of somites)
-Intermediate mesoderm -Lateral mesoderm |
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Sacrococcygeal teratoma: What does it arise from?
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Remnants of the primitive streak
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Sacrococcygeal teratoma: What population?
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Female infants
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Sacrococcygeal teratoma: Timetable and therapy
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-Malignant during infancy
-Must be removed by 6 months of age |
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Chordoma: What does it arise from?
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Remnants of the notochord
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Chordoma: Where on the body is it found?
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-Intracranially
-Sacral region |
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Chordoma: What population?
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Men over age 50
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Chordoma: Benign or malignant
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Either
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What is another name for caudal dysplasia?
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Sirenomelia
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What is another name for sirenomelia?
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Caudal dysplasia
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Caudal Dysplasia: How does it manifest?
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A constellation of syndromes ranging from minor lesions of the lower vertebrae to complete fusion of the lower limbs
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Caudal dysplasia: What causes it?
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Abnormal gastrulation (disturbance of mesoderm migration)
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Two components of the placenta
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-Decidua Basalis (Maternal)
-Villous chorion (Fetal) |
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Decidua Basalis: What is it?
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-Maternal component of the placenta
-A portion of endometrium |
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Villous Chorion: What is it?
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-Fetal component of the placenta
-Tertiary chorionic villi |
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Maternal Placenta: Afterbirth appearance
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15-20 cotyledons imparting a cobblestone appearance. Dark red surface oozing blood (torn maternal vessels).
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Fetal placenta: Afterbirth appearance
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Chorionic blood vessels. Smooth and shiny as it is covered by amnion.
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Velamentous placenta: Cause?
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Umbilical vessels abnormally travel through the amniochorionic membrane before reaching the placenta proper.
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Vasa previa: What is it?
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Velamentous placenta which crosses the internal os.
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Vasa previa: What is the danger?
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If one of the umbilical vessels ruptures during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, the fetus will bleed to death.
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Why does the mother not reject the placenta as an allograft?
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Syncytiotrophoblast cells lack MHC antigens and decidual cells in the endometrium secrete PGE2 to inhibit T cells.
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