Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What in a cell wall activates TNF and IL-1?
|
lipoteichoic acid
(lipid A in outer membrane of gram negative) |
|
|
What is unique about the capsule of bacillus anthracis?
|
D-glutamte
|
|
|
Legionella is stained using
|
silver stain
also used for fungi |
|
|
Ziehl Neelsen stain used for
|
Acid-fast organisms
|
|
|
Giesma stain is used for
|
borrelia, plasmodium, trypanomsomes, chlamydia
|
|
|
C. diphteria is plated using?
|
Tellurite plate, Lofflers media
|
|
|
Examples of Obligate aerobes
|
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacillus
|
|
|
Oblicate anaerobes examples
|
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces
|
|
|
Aminoglycosides are inneffective against
|
anaerobes (need O2 to get into cell)
|
|
|
Encapsulated organisms please
|
S. pneumo
H. influenzae N. meningitidis Salmonella Klebsiella Grp B strep |
|
|
Catalase Positive Organisms
|
Staph aureus
Serratia Psuedomonas Candida E. coli |
|
|
If you gave someone a vaccine with just a polysaccharide antigen alone, what would happen?
|
Only IgM antibodies would be produced, T cells are activated and class switching doesnt happen cause there is no protein
|
|
|
Urease positive bugs
|
Proteus
Ureaplasma Nocardia Cryptococcus H. pylori Klebsiella PUNCH K in the urea |
|
|
Grp A strep has what major virulenece factor to help prevent phagocytosis
|
M protein
|
|
|
Iga Protease containing enzymes
|
S. pneumo
H. influenzae Neisseria SHiN |
|
|
Corynebacterium diptheria and Pseudomonas aerug both have exotxins that
|
inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)
P. aerug- exotoxin A C. diptheria- diptheria toxin |
|
|
Shigella and EHEC both have toxins that
|
inactivate 60s ribsome by cleaving rRNA
shiga toxin and shiga like toxin cause HUS, EHEC doesnt invade though |
|
|
exotoxins that increase cAMP
|
cholera (heat labile)
Anthracis (edema factor) "montezumas revenge" ETEC Pertussis |
|
|
What toxin causes increase of cGMP?
|
heat stable toxin of ETEC and Yersinia
Stables( Stable of Ground- cGMP, Labile in the Air- cAMP) Yersinia- invades causes bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Main strep pyogenes exotoxin
|
Strepolysin O...lyses RBCs and host antibodies
|
|
|
Clostridium toxin that is responsible for gas gangrene
|
alpha toxin (degrades phospholipase)
and causes double zone on blood agar |
|
|
Two superantigens that cause Shock
|
TSST-1 Staph aureus
Exotoxin A |
|
|
Name the ADP ribosylating toxins
|
Diphtheria
Exotoxin A (Pseudomonas) Heat labile of ETEC Cholera Pertussis |
|
|
Endotoxin Lipid A activates what
|
Macrophages (IL-1, TNF, NO)
C3a- hypotension, edema C5a- neutoprhil chemotaxis Hageman facotr- coagulation cascade (DIC) |
|
|
What 5 bacterial toxins are encoded in lyogenic phage via specialized transduction?
|
ShigA
Botulinum Cholera Diphtheria Erythrogenic Toxin of S. pyogenes ABCDE |
|
|
Novobiocin sensitive
|
Staph saprophyticus is resistnat
Epidermdis is sensitive |
|
|
Optochin resistance
|
S.Viridans is resistnat
S.Pneumonia is sensitive OVRPS (overpass) |
|
|
Bacitracin Resistnace
|
B-BRAS
Group B strep are resistant (agalactiae) Group A strep are sensitive (pyogenes) |
|
|
Alpha hemolytic strep
|
S. pneumo- Optochocin sensitive
S. viridans- resistnat |
|
|
Beta-hemolytic bacteria
|
S. aureus
S. pyogenes S. agaalactiae Listeria- tumbling |
|
|
Strep Pneumo most common cause of
|
most common cause of Meningitis
Otitis media Pneumonia (rusty sputum) Sinusitis MOPS |
|
|
Strep pneumo virulence factor major
|
Capsule
(Iga Protease) |
|
|
What are the killed viral vaccines?
|
RIP Always
Rabies Influenza HAV |
|
|
What are the recombinant vaccines?
|
HBV and HPV
|
|
|
What are the live vaccines?
|
MMR
Chicken pox Yellow fever Sabin |
|
|
All DNA viruses replicate where
|
in nucleus (except poxvirus)
|
|
|
ALL RNA viruses replicate where
|
cytoplasm
except influenza and retrovirus |
|
|
All RNA viruses are
|
ssRNA except Reovirus (dsRNA)
|
|
|
All DNA viruses (give the rules)
|
All DNA viruses are
Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma (HHAPPPy) |
|
|
What are the naked viruses?
|
naked CPR and PAPP smears
DNA=PAPP RNA=CPR Calcivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Papilloma, Polyoma |
|
|
What are the positive stranded RNA viruses
|
Retro
Toga Flavi Corona Hepevirus Calcivirus Picornavirus I went to a Retro Toga party and drank Flavored Coronoa and ate Hippy California Pickles Double stranded (except parvo) are linear (except papilloma and polyoma and hepadna--circular) icosasahedral (except pox) replicate in nucleus (except pox, carries own DNA dependent RNA polymerase |
|
|
What causes JC virus progressive multifocal encephalopahty in HIV patients?
|
polyoma virus
DS circular noneveloped |
|
|
blue violet skin plaques in an HIV positive patient...
|
Karposi's
|
|
|
Aytpical lymphocytes on blood smear of EBV are what
|
cytotoxic T cells..can be seen hugging the RBC
|
|
|
What are the negative stranded viruses?
|
Areanviruses
Bunyaviruses Paramyxoviruses Filoviruses Rhabdoviruses Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication must transcribe strand to positive |
|
|
What diseases caused by Picornavirus?
|
Polio
Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackie virus HAV |
|
|
Disease caused by delta virus
|
HDV
|
|
|
What type of virus is Norwalk virus?
|
Calcivirus
|
|
|
What disease do Togaviruses cause
|
Rubella
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis |
|
|
Diseases caused by Paramyxoviruses?
|
Parainfluensae- croup
RSV (ribavirin) Rubeola (measels) mumps |
|
|
Filoviruses cause what type of disease?
|
hemorrhagic fever
Marburg, Ebola |
|
|
Bunyavirsuses cause what types of diseases?
|
California encephalitis
Sandfly/rift valley fevers Crimean/Congo hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus |
|
|
What are circular RNA viruses?
|
Delta
Bunyavirus Arenaviruses |
|
|
Yellow fever causesd by
|
flavivirus
transmitted by Aedes mosquitos Sx: high fever, black vomitus, jaundice |
|
|
What is Rotavirus?
|
reovirus, so dsDNA, most common cause of gasteroenteritis in infant worldwide
|
|
|
Orthomyxovirus causes
|
influenza virus (yearly flu)
|
|
|
Difference in rash between Rubeola and Rubella
|
Rubella- truncal rash, head down
Rubeola- starts at head moves down to feet |
|
|
Symptoms of Mumps virus
|
Parotitis, Orchitis, aseptic Meningitis
|
|
|
Bullet shaped capsid, found in purkinje fibers of cerebellum, negri bodies in infected neurons
|
Rabies virus
|
|
|
What are circular RNA viruses?
|
Delta
Bunyavirus Arenaviruses |
|
|
What are the segmented viruses?
|
BOAR, segmented
Bunyaviruses, Orhtomyxovirus, Areanviruses, Reoviruses |
|
|
Yellow fever causesd by
|
flavivirus
transmitted by Aedes mosquitos Sx: high fever, black vomitus, jaundice |
|
|
What is Rotavirus?
|
reovirus, so dsDNA, most common cause of gasteroenteritis in infant worldwide
|
|
|
Orthomyxovirus causes
|
influenza virus (yearly flu)
|
|
|
Difference in rash between Rubeola and Rubella
|
Rubella- truncal rash, head down
Rubeola- starts at head moves down to feet |
|
|
Symptoms of Mumps virus
|
Parotitis, Orchitis, aseptic Meningitis
|
|
|
Bullet shaped capsid, found in purkinje fibers of cerebellum, negri bodies in infected neurons
|
Rabies virus
|
|
|
Causes of
HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV |
HAV- RNA picorna
HBC- DNA hepdnavirus HCV- flavivirus HDV- RNA delta virus (depends of HbsAg for envelope) HEV- RNA hepevirus (Expectant, epidemic,enteric |
|
|
What hepatitis is tramsitted through fecal oral route?
|
HAV HEV
|
|
|
You suspect HAV, you see IgG antibodies, what does this mean
|
prior HAV infection...IgM is active
IgG--its Gone |
|
|
DX of HIV
|
Elisa to rule out
Western Blot- confirm |
|
|
3 structural genes coded for in AIDS
|
env (gp120- attachment to T, gp41- fusion and entry)
gag(p24) Capsid protein pol- reverse transcriptase |
|
|
mutation that causes immunity to HIV
|
homozygous mutated CCR5
|
|
|
HIV Patient
oval yeast cells within macrophages tongue ulcer, low fever, cough, hepatosplenomegaly |
Histplasma capsulatum
pulmonary manifestations only in HIV postive |
|
|
HIV Patient
superficial vascular proliferation biopsy reveals neutrophils |
B. henselae
|
|
|
HIV Patient
chronic watery diarrhea acid fast cysts in stoole |
Cryptosporidium
|
|
|
HIV Patient
encephalopahty |
JC virus PML
|
|
|
HIV Patient
ring enhancing lesions |
toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
HIV Patient
narrow based budding, large capsule |
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
|
HIV Patient
cotton wool spots on fundoscopic exams |
CMV
|
|
|
HIV Patient
superficial proliferation of vasculature biopsy reveals lymphocytic proliferaton |
HHV 8 Karposi's
|
|
|
HIV Patient
leukoplakia on lateral tongue |
EBV
|
|
|
HIV Patient
non-hodgkin's lymphoma, waldeneyers ring |
EBV maybe
|
|
|
Squamous cell carcinoma in anus or cervix in HIV
|
HPV
|
|
|
interstitial pneumo in HIV patient, cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies (owl's eyes)
|
CMV
|
|
|
pneumonia with CD<200
|
pneumocystit jiroveci
|
|
|
TB like disease in HIV patient, esp with CD <50
|
MAC,
|
|
|
You think appendicitis, but what bugs can mimic it that should be in DDx?
|
Yersinia entercolitica, Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella
|
|
|
Most common cause of Pneumo in
Neonates Children Adults Older Adults ELders |
neonates- group B strep (e. coli second)
children - RSV (M. pneumo, Chlamydia, S. pneumo) Adults- Mycoplasma (C. pneumo, S. pneumo) Older adults (40 and over)- S. pneumo (H. influ, Anaerobes) Elders- S. pneumo (influenza, anaerobes) |
|
|
Number one cause of bacteral meningitis in teens
|
N. meningitidis
|
|
|
Number one cause of meningitis in newborns and the rest?
|
Grp B strep for neonates
S. pneumo for all the rest, except teens (Neisseria) |
|
|
Number one cuase of pneumo in CF patients
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
How do you check for bacterial UTI and gram negative bacterial UTI
|
positive leukocyte test= bacteria
nitrite test- gram negative so probably E. coli |
|
|
Patient has UTI
most common? Second? Struvite stones? Urease positive? |
Most common- E.Coli
Second most- Staph saprophyticus Struvite stones- proteus Urease- proteus, klebsiella |
|
|
TORCH infections
|
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella CMV HIV HSV2 Syphylis |
|
|
Classic triad for congenital toxoplasmosis
|
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
|
|
|
Classic triad for congenital rubella
|
PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia)
cataracts Deafness +/- bliueberry muffin rash (can also be CMV) |
|
|
Congenital syphyilis presentation
|
Notched teeth
saddle nose, short maxilla saber shins CN VIII deafness |
|
|
hand-foot-mouth disease cuased by
|
Coxsackie A , vesicular rash
|
|
|
HHV-6 causes
|
Roseola, macular rash over body after several days of high fever
|
|
|
condylomata caused by
|
HPV 6 and 11, koilocytes
|
|
|
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
|
infection of liver capsule, with violin strings adhesiosn
C. trachomatis |
|
|
Unimmunized patient- gets meningitis, probably from what?
|
H. influenzae type B, poliovirus
|
|
|
Cherry red epiglottis, number one cause
|
H. influenzae
|
|
|
fungal infection in diabetic, first thought should be
|
mucor or rhizopus
|
|
|
bilateral bell's palsy, likely associated with
|
Lyme disease (borrelia)
|
|
|
Strep agalactiae most common in what population
|
babies
|
|
|
What produces CAMP factor?
|
S. agalactiae..enhances area of hemolysis formed by S. aureus
|
|
|
Entercocci are resistant to
|
PEN G and now some are vancomycin resistant
|
|
|
Colon cancer patient...gets subacute endocarditis, what bacteria probably
|
S. bovis
|
|
|
C. diptheriae toxin MOA
|
inhibits protein syn by ADP ribosylaiton of EF-2
|
|
|
Listeria unique characteristics
|
tumbling motility..form "actin rocket"
Tx: ampicillin |
|
|
TB infection in vertebral body
|
Pott's disease
|
|
|
TX for Nocardia
|
Sulfa drugs
|
|
|
TX for actinomyces
|
Penicillin
|
|
|
Prophylactic Tx for MAC in AIDS pts
|
azithromycin
|
|
|
Lepromatous vs Tuberculoiud Leprosy
|
Lepromatous- diffusely over skin and is communicable...low cell-mediated immunity with TH2 response (humoral)...lethal
Tuberculoid- limited to a few skin plaques..characterized by high cell mediated immunity Th1 response |
|
|
TX for leprosy
|
dapsone long term
ADRs: methemogloninemia, hemolysis |
|
|
Lactose fermenting bacteria
|
Citrobacter. Klebsiella. E. Coli. Enterbacter. Serratia.
maConKEE's agar- grow pink |
|
|
Treat H influ meningitis with what?
|
Ceftriaxone
|
|
|
TX for legionella
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
Pseudomonas, what kind of ear infection
|
external otits..swimmers ear
|
|
|
Oxidase positive gram negatives
|
VIce President CHeNEy MOstly LEads" (Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Neisseria, Moraxella, and Legionella, respectively).
|
|
|
Pseudmonas Toxins
|
Exotoxin A(EF-2) and endotoxin
|
|
|
Tx pseudomonas
|
Aminoglycoside plus piperacillin, ticaracillin
|
|
|
E. Coli diarrhea in children
|
EPEC (p for peds)
|
|
|
EHEC O157:H7 virulence facotrs and associated disease
|
cystitis and pyelonephritis: fimbriae
Pneumonia, neonatal meng: K capsule LPS endotoxin: septic shock |
|
|
EHEC toxins and causes
|
Shiga like toxin...cuses HUS (triad: acute renal failure, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
Rose spots on abdomen should make you think
|
Salmonella typhi...also stays in gallbladder
|
|
|
Weil's disease
|
leptospira interrogans...common in tropics and surfers
jaundice, azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction, fever hemorrhage and anemia |
|
|
black base with hole in skin after tick bite....local lymph swollen..what would you use to treat
|
Francisella tularemia
TX: aminoglycosides (genta) or doxy |
|
|
pt works in meat packing plant or is a dairy farmer...has an undulating fever..you think
|
Brucella
|
|
|
campylobacter source
|
puppies or livestock
|
|
|
Rickettsia typhus source
|
fleas
|
|
|
Ricketssia rickettsii source
|
dermacentor tick
|
|
|
gray vaginal discharge
fishy smell, non painful TX? |
metronidazole
Gardnerella...should see clue cells |
|
|
Rash on palm and sole...whats the differential
|
Coxsackie A
Rocky Mountain Syphilis CARS |
|
|
Rash differene between typhus and rikettsii
|
Typhus (prowazekii)- starts on trunk, spreads out
Ricketssii- starts on palm and soles |
|
|
Weil-Felix reaction
|
antibodies in people with Rickettsia are mixed with proteus O antigens and agglutinate...how to determine if they ricketssial disease
|
|
|
Whats unusual about chlamydia cell wall
|
lacks muramic acid
|
|
|
TX for Chlamydia
|
single dose azithromycin
or doxycycline |
|
|
High titer of IgM cold agglutins...whats the dx
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Tetracycline or erythromycin |
|
|
Only bacterial membrane that contains cholesterol?
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis found where
|
mississippi and ohio valleys
Spherules |
|
|
TX for mycoses systemic vs local
|
systemic amphotcerin B- puts holes in ergosterol
fluconazole or keto cona |
|
|
Blastomycocis location and description
|
east of mississippi and central america
Broad based budding, forms granulomatous nodules..same size as RBC |
|
|
Coccidiomycosis location and description
|
southwest USA
Spherules filled with endospores |
|
|
paracoccidoidmycosis
|
Latin america
Budding yeast "captains wheel"..much larger than RBC |
|
|
Tinea versicolor is caused by and TX
|
malassezia furfur...hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches caused by acid damage to melanocytes "spaghetti and meatball"
TX: topial miconazole, selenium sulfide |
|
|
TX for Candida albicans
|
vaginal: topical azole
oral: fluconazole or caspfungin Ampho B for systemic |
|
|
Three associations of Aspergillus
|
allergic aspergillosis with asthma or CF
in lung cavitites after TB infection some species produce aflatoxins...hepatcellular carcinoma |
|
|
Cryptococcus histology and stain
|
looks like halos...its a yeast..latex agglutination test capsular antigen best
stained with india ink stained in lungs with mucacarmine |
|
|
Mucromycocis
|
diease mostly in ketoacidotic and leukemic patients
rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abcess Black eschar lesion on face |
|
|
methenamine stain shows disk formed yeast, DX and TX
|
pneumocystis jiroveci
TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone |
|
|
rose gardners disease
|
sporhtirx schenkii...lymphangitis
TX: itraconazole, potassium iodide |
|
|
Entamoeba histolytica SX and TX
|
bloody diarrhea, RUQ, liver abcess
see cysts with multiple nuclei in stool TX: metronidazole, iodoquinol |
|
|
Toxoplamosis TX
|
sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
|
|
|
trypansoma brucei TX
|
suramin for blood borne
Melarsoprol for CNS |
|
|
Babesia SX, DX and TX
|
fever, hemolytic anemia, northeastern united states
DX: blood smear, ring form and Maltese cross TX: quinine, clindamycin |
|
|
Chagas disease..vector and TX
|
reduviid bug
TX: nifurtimox (cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus) |
|
|
Lesimania vector
|
Sandfly
|
|
|
Leishmania Sx, DX, TX
|
visceral leishmaniasis: spiking fevers, hepatsplenmegaly, pancytopenia
DX: macrophages iwth "amastigotes" ..small granules TX" sodium stibogluconate |
|
|
A person with active Hep A infection will have what in their serum?
|
anti-HAV IgM
Anti-HAV IgG- old infection, no active disease |
