Usmle High Yield Pharm

Front 1

Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)

Back 1

*Half-life (T1/2)

Hint 1

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 2

Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration

Back 2

Volume of distribution (VD)

Hint 2

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 3

Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time

Back 3

Cp

Hint 3

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 4

The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration

Back 4

Clearance (CL)

Hint 4

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 5

The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation

Back 5

First pass effect

Hint 5

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 6

The fraction of administered dose of a drug that reaches systemic circulation

Back 6

Bioavailability (F)

Hint 6

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 7

When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination

Back 7

Steady state

Hint 7

basic pharmacokinetics

Front 8

This step of metabolism makes drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination

Back 8

*Phase I

Hint 8

metabolism

Front 9

Different steps of Phase I

Back 9

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Hint 9

metabolism

Front 10

Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

Back 10

*Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin

Hint 10

metabolism

Front 11

Inhibitors of CYP450

Back 11

*Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit

Hint 11

metabolism

Front 12

Products of Phase II conjugation

Back 12

Glucuronate, acetic acid, and glutathione sulfate

Hint 12

metabolism

Front 13

Constant percentage of substrate metabolized per unit time

Back 13

First order kinetics

Hint 13

metabolism

Front 14

Drug elimination with a constant amount metabolized regardless of drug concentration

Back 14

Zero order kinetics

Hint 14

metabolism

Front 15

Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)

Back 15

Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))

Hint 15

metabolism

Front 16

Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)

Back 16

Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))

Hint 16

metabolism

Front 17

Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor

Back 17

Affinity

Hint 17

pharmacodynamics

Front 18

Selectivity of a drug for its receptor

Back 18

Specificity

Hint 18

pharmacodynamics

Front 19

Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect

Back 19

Potency

Hint 19

pharmacodynamics

Front 20

Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect

Back 20

*Efficacy

Hint 20

pharmacodynamics

Front 21

Ability of a drug to produce 100% of the maximum response regardless of the potency

Back 21

Full agonist

Hint 21

pharmacodynamics

Front 22

Ability to produce less than 100% of the response

Back 22

Partial agonist

Hint 22

pharmacodynamics

Front 23

Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system

Back 23

Competitive antagonist

Hint 23

pharmacodynamics

Front 24

Ability to bind to either the same or different site as the drug

Back 24

Noncompetitive antagonist

Hint 24

pharmacodynamics

Front 25

Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors

Back 25

*Thyroid and steroid hormones

Hint 25

pharmacodynamics

Front 26

MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors

Back 26

*Insulin

Hint 26

pharmacodynamics

Front 27

MOA utilizes ligand gated ion channels

Back 27

Benzodiazepines and calcium channel blockers

Hint 27

pharmacodynamics

Front 28

Median effective dose required for an effect in 50% of the population

Back 28

ED50

Hint 28

pharmacodynamics

Front 29

Median toxic dose required for a toxic effect in 50% of the population

Back 29

TD50

Hint 29

pharmacodynamics

Front 30

Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population

Back 30

LD50

Hint 30

pharmacodynamics

Front 31

Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect

Back 31

Therapeutic index

Hint 31

pharmacodynamics

Front 32

Drug with a high margin of safety

Back 32

High therapeutic index

Hint 32

pharmacodynamics

Front 33

Drug with a narrow margin of safety

Back 33

Low therapeutic index

Hint 33

pharmacodynamics

Front 34

Antidote used for lead poisoning

Back 34

Dimercaprol, EDTA

Hint 34

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 35

Antidote used for cyanide poisoning

Back 35

Nitrites

Hint 35

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 36

Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning

Back 36

Physostigmine

Hint 36

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 37

Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning

Back 37

**Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Hint 37

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 38

Antidote used for iron salt toxicity

Back 38

Deferoxamine

Hint 38

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 39

Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity

Back 39

*N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

Hint 39

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 40

Antidote for arsenic, mercury, lead, and gold poisoning

Back 40

Dimercaprol

Hint 40

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 41

Antidote used in poisonings: copper (Wilson's disease), lead, mercury, and arsenic

Back 41

Penicillamine

Hint 41

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 42

Antidote used for heparin toxicity

Back 42

**Protamine

Hint 42

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 43

Antidote used for warfarin toxicity

Back 43

*Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

Hint 43

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 44

Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase

Back 44

**Aminocaproic acid

Hint 44

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 45

Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol

Back 45

Ethanol

Hint 45

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 46

Antidote used for opioid toxicity

Back 46

*Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)

Hint 46

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 47

Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity

Back 47

*Flumazenil

Hint 47

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 48

Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Back 48

Sodium bicarbonate

Hint 48

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 49

Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 49

100% O2 and hyperbaric O2

Hint 49

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 50

Antidote used for digitalis toxicity

Back 50

Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)

Hint 50

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 51

Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)

Back 51

Esmolol

Hint 51

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 52

Antidote for methotrexate toxicity

Back 52

Leucovorin

Hint 52

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 53

Antidote for beta-blockers and hypoglycemia

Back 53

Glucagon

Hint 53

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 54

Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes

Back 54

Magnesium sulfate

Hint 54

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 55

Antidote for hyperkalemia

Back 55

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

Hint 55

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 56

Antidote for salicylate intoxication

Back 56

Alkalinize urine, dialysis

Hint 56

antidotes and agents used in drug overdose

Front 57

Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number

Back 57

Log-kill hypothesis

Hint 57

cancer chemotherapy

Front 58

Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously

Back 58

Pulse therapy

Hint 58

cancer chemotherapy

Front 59

Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents

Back 59

Rescue therapy

Hint 59

cancer chemotherapy

Front 60

Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates

Back 60

Allopurinol

Hint 60

cancer chemotherapy

Front 61

Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thiamine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue

Back 61

5-flouracil (5-FU)

Hint 61

cancer chemotherapy

Front 62

Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms

Back 62

Prednisone

Hint 62

cancer chemotherapy

Front 63

Side effect of Mitomycin

Back 63

SEVERE myelosuppression

Hint 63

cancer chemotherapy

Front 64

MOA of cisplatin

Back 64

Alkylating agent

Hint 64

cancer chemotherapy

Front 65

Common toxicities of cisplatin

Back 65

Nephro and ototoxicity

Hint 65

cancer chemotherapy

Front 66

Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation

Back 66

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Hint 66

cancer chemotherapy

Front 67

Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP

Back 67

**Allopurinol

Hint 67

cancer chemotherapy

Front 68

May protect against doxorubicin toxic by scavenging free radicals

Back 68

*Dexrazoxane

Hint 68

cancer chemotherapy

Front 69

Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis

Back 69

*Bleomycin

Hint 69

cancer chemotherapy

Front 70

Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm

Back 70

Testicular cancer

Hint 70

cancer chemotherapy

Front 71

MOPP regimen used in Hodgkin's disease (HD)

Back 71

Mechlorethamine+ oncovorin (vincristine)+ procarbazine, and prednisone

Hint 71

cancer chemotherapy

Front 72

ABVD regimen used for HD, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP

Back 72

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine

Hint 72

cancer chemotherapy

Front 73

Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 73

COP (cyclophosphamide, oncovin(vincristine), and prednisone)

Hint 73

cancer chemotherapy

Front 74

Regimen used for breast cancer

Back 74

CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+

Hint 74

cancer chemotherapy

Front 75

Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation

Back 75

Mechlorethamine

Hint 75

cancer chemotherapy

Front 76

Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 76

Cyclophosphamide

Hint 76

cancer chemotherapy

Front 77

Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 77

Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)

Hint 77

cancer chemotherapy

Front 78

Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation

Back 78

Vincristine

Hint 78

cancer chemotherapy

Front 79

Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase

Back 79

**Paclitaxel (taxol)

Hint 79

cancer chemotherapy

Front 80

Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides

Back 80

Cisplatin

Hint 80

cancer chemotherapy

Front 81

Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression

Back 81

Carboplatin

Hint 81

cancer chemotherapy

Front 82

Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)

Back 82

L-asparaginase

Hint 82

cancer chemotherapy

Front 83

Used for hairy cell leukemia; it stimulates NK cells

Back 83

Interferon alpha

Hint 83

cancer chemotherapy

Front 84

Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer

Back 84

Flutamide (Eulexin)

Hint 84

cancer chemotherapy

Front 85

Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer

Back 85

**Tamoxifen

Hint 85

cancer chemotherapy

Front 86

Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer

Back 86

Toremifene (Fareston)

Hint 86

cancer chemotherapy

Front 87

Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs

Back 87

Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)

Hint 87

cancer chemotherapy

Front 88

Some cell cycle non-specific drugs

Back 88

Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea

Hint 88

cancer chemotherapy

Front 89

Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist

Back 89

*Odansetron, granisetron

Hint 89

cancer chemotherapy

Front 90

Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors

Back 90

Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)

Hint 90

cancer chemotherapy

Front 91

Produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol

Back 91

Procarbazine

Hint 91

cancer chemotherapy

Front 92

Somatostatin (SRIF) analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other GH producing pituitary tumors

Back 92

Octreotide

Hint 92

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 93

Somatotropin (GH) analog used in GH deficiency (dwarfism)

Back 93

Somatrem

Hint 93

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 94

GHRH analog used as diagnostic agent

Back 94

Sermorelin

Hint 94

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 95

GnRH agonist used for infertility or different types of CA depending on pulsatile or steady usage respectively

Back 95

Leuprolide

Hint 95

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 96

GnRH antagonist with more immediate effects, used for infertility

Back 96

Ganirelix

Hint 96

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 97

Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia

Back 97

*Bromocriptine

Hint 97

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 98

Hormone inhibiting prolactin release

Back 98

*Dopamine

Hint 98

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 99

ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality

Back 99

**Cosyntropin

Hint 99

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 100

Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis

Back 100

*Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Hint 100

endocrine drugs: hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Front 101

Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain

Back 101

**L-thyroxine (T4)

Hint 101

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 102

T3 compound less widely used

Back 102

Cytomel

Hint 102

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 103

Anti-thyroid drugs

Back 103

Thioamides, iodides, radioactive iodine, and ipodate

Hint 103

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 104

Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism

Back 104

Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

Hint 104

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 105

Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy

Back 105

*PTU

Hint 105

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 106

PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA

Back 106

*Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin

Hint 106

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 107

Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism

Back 107

Iodide salts

Hint 107

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 108

Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 108

Radioactive iodine

Hint 108

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 109

Radio contrast media that inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 109

Ipodate

Hint 109

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 110

Block cardiac adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis such as tachycardia, inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

Back 110

Beta-blockers such as propranolol

Hint 110

thyroid / anti-thyroid

Front 111

3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products

Back 111

Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)

Hint 111

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 112

Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex

Back 112

GFR

Hint 112

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 113

Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)

Back 113

Glucocorticoids

Hint 113

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 114

Short acting GC's

Back 114

Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)

Hint 114

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 115

Intermediate acting GC's

Back 115

Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone

Hint 115

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 116

Long acting GC's

Back 116

Betamethasone, dexamethasone, and paramethasone

Hint 116

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 117

Mineralocorticoids

Back 117

Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

Hint 117

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 118

Some side effects of corticosteroids

Back 118

*Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis

Hint 118

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 119

Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered

Back 119

5-7 days

Hint 119

Adrenocorticosteroid and adrenocortical antagoinists

Front 120

Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid) and sometimes for adrenal function test

Back 120

Metyrapone

Hint 120

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 121

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

Back 121

Aminoglutethimide

Hint 121

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 122

Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids

Back 122

Ketoconazole

Hint 122

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 123

Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor

Back 123

Mifepristone

Hint 123

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 124

Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors

Back 124

*Spironolactone

Hint 124

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 125

Common SE of spironolactone

Back 125

**Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia

Hint 125

inhib of corticosteroid biosynth

Front 126

Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss

Back 126

Estrogen

Hint 126

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 127

Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively

Back 127

Clomiphene and tamoxifen

Hint 127

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 128

Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene

Back 128

Hot flashes

Hint 128

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 129

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study)

Back 129

**Raloxifene

Hint 129

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 130

Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy

Back 130

*Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Hint 130

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 131

Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)

Back 131

Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol

Hint 131

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 132

Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient

Back 132

Mifepristone (RU-486)

Hint 132

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 133

Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)

Back 133

Combination oral contraceptives (OC)

Hint 133

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 134

Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch

Back 134

Ortho-Evra

Hint 134

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 135

Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase

Back 135

*Testosterone

Hint 135

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 136

5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness

Back 136

Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)

Hint 136

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 137

Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse

Back 137

Nandrolone and stanozolol

Hint 137

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 138

Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females

Back 138

Cyproterone acetate

Hint 138

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 139

Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility

Back 139

**Leuprolide

Hint 139

gonadal hormones and inhib

Front 140

Alpha cells in the pancreas

Back 140

Produce glucagon

Hint 140

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 141

Beta cells in the pancreas

Back 141

Produce insulin

Hint 141

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 142

Beta cells are found

Back 142

Islets of Langerhans

Hint 142

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 143

Delta cells in the pancreas

Back 143

Produce Somatostatin

Hint 143

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 144

Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse

Back 144

*C-peptide

Hint 144

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 145

Exogenous insulin

Back 145

*Little C-peptide

Hint 145

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 146

Endogenous insulin

Back 146

Normal C-peptide

Hint 146

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 147

Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action

Back 147

Lispro (Humalog)

Hint 147

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 148

Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia

Back 148

Regular (Humulin R)

Hint 148

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 149

Long acting insulin

Back 149

*Ultralente (humulin U)

Hint 149

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 150

Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action

Back 150

Glargine (Lantus)

Hint 150

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 151

Major SE of insulin

Back 151

Hypoglycemia

Hint 151

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 152

Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Back 152

GLUT 2

Hint 152

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 153

Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation

Back 153

GLUT 4

Hint 153

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 154

Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)

Back 154

Acarbose, miglitol

Hint 154

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 155

MOA of AGI's

Back 155

Act on intestine, delay absorption of glucose

Hint 155

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 156

SE of AGI's

Back 156

Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Hint 156

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 157

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's

Back 157

Acarbose

Hint 157

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 158

Amino acid derivative

Back 158

*Nateglinide

Hint 158

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 159

MOA of nateglinide

Back 159

Insulin secretagogue

Hint 159

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 160

Biguanide

Back 160

Metformin

Hint 160

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 161

Drugs available in combination with metformin

Back 161

Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone

Hint 161

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 162

MOA of metformin

Back 162

Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity

Hint 162

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 163

Most important potential SE of metformin

Back 163

Lactic acidosis

Hint 163

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 164

Meglitinide

Back 164

Repaglinide

Hint 164

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 165

MOA of repaglinide

Back 165

Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea

Hint 165

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 166

First generation sulfonylurea

Back 166

Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.

Hint 166

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 167

Second generation sulfonylurea

Back 167

Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.

Hint 167

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 168

MOA of both generations

Back 168

Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels

Hint 168

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 169

Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide

Back 169

Hypoglycemia

Hint 169

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 170

Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life

Back 170

Chlorpropamide

Hint 170

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 171

Thiazolidinediones

Back 171

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)

Hint 171

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 172

Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market

Back 172

Hepatic toxicity

Hint 172

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 173

MOA of thiazolindinediones

Back 173

Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism

Hint 173

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 174

SE of Thiazolindinediones

Back 174

Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CytP450 3A4 metabolism

Hint 174

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 175

Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe beta-blocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation

Back 175

Glucagon

Hint 175

pancreatic hormones, antidiabetics, and hyperglycemics

Front 176

Available bisphosphonates

Back 176

Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid

Hint 176

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 177

MOA of Bisphosphonates

Back 177

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption

Hint 177

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 178

Only bisphosphonates available IV

Back 178

Etidronate

Hint 178

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 179

Uses of bisphosphonates

Back 179

Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy

Hint 179

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 180

Major SE of bisphosphonates

Back 180

Chemical esophagitis

Hint 180

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 181

Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia

Back 181

Etidronate

Hint 181

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 182

Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women

Back 182

Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)

Hint 182

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 183

Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx.

Back 183

**Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)

Hint 183

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 184

Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption

Back 184

*Calcitonin (salmon prep)

Hint 184

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 185

Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg

Back 185

Calcium

Hint 185

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 186

Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption

Back 186

Vitamin D

Hint 186

drugs used in bone homeostasis

Front 187

Disease caused by excess ergot alkaloids

Back 187

St. Anthony's Fire

Hint 187

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 188

Endogenous substances commonly interpreted as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and vasoactive peptides

Back 188

Autocoids

Hint 188

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 189

Syndrome of hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin usually caused by gastrinoma; it is associated with severe peptic ulceration and diarrhea

Back 189

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Hint 189

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 190

Drug that causes contraction of the uterus

Back 190

*Oxytocin

Hint 190

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 191

Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3

Back 191

*Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively

Hint 191

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 192

Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors

Back 192

*Diphenhydramine and impromidine respectively

Hint 192

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 193

1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating

Back 193

**Diphendydramine

Hint 193

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 194

1st generation antihistamine that is least sedating

Back 194

Chlorpheniramine or cyclizine

Hint 194

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 195

2nd generation antihistamines

Back 195

*Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine

Hint 195

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 196

Generation of antihistamine that has the most CNS effects

Back 196

First generation due to being more lipid-soluble

Hint 196

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 197

Major indication for H1 receptor antagonist

Back 197

Use in IgE mediated allergic reaction

Hint 197

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 198

Antihistamine that can be used for anxiety and insomnia and is not addictive

Back 198

hydroxyzine (Atarax)

Hint 198

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 199

H1 antagonist used in motion sickness

Back 199

Dimenhydrinate, meclizine, and other 1st generation

Hint 199

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 200

Most common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines

Back 200

Sedation

Hint 200

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 201

Lethal arrhythmias resulting from concurrent therapy with azole fungals (metabolized by CYP 3A4) and these antihistamines which inhibit the 3A4 iso-enzyme.

Back 201

Terfenadine and astemizole (have been removed from the market)

Hint 201

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 202

H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs

Back 202

*Cimetidine

Hint 202

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 203

Clinical use for H2 blockers

Back 203

Acid reflux disease, duodenal ulcer and peptic ulcer disease

Hint 203

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 204

Receptors for serotonin (5HT-1) are located

Back 204

Mostly in the brain, and they mediate synaptic inhibition via increased K+ conductance

Hint 204

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 205

5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches "

Back 205

**Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan

Hint 205

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 206

Triptan available in parenteral and nasal formulation

Back 206

Sumatriptan

Hint 206

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 207

H1 blocker that is also a serotonin antagonist

Back 207

Cyproheptadine

Hint 207

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 208

5HT2 antagonist mediate synaptic excitation in the CNS and smooth muscle contraction

Back 208

Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and ergot alkaloids (partial agonist of alpha and serotonin receptors)

Hint 208

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 209

Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding

Back 209

**Ergonovine and ergotamine

Hint 209

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 210

Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor

Back 210

**Ketanserin cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine

Hint 210

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 211

5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced emesis

Back 211

***Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron and alosetron

Hint 211

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 212

5ht-3 antagonist that has been associated with QRS and QTc prolongation and should not be used in patients with heart disease

Back 212

Dolasetron

Hint 212

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 213

DOC of chemo induced nausea and vomiting

Back 213

**Odansetron

Hint 213

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 214

Drug used in ergot alkaloids overdose, ischemia and gangrene

Back 214

Nitroprusside

Hint 214

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 215

Reason ergot alkaloids are contraindicated in pregnancy

Back 215

Uterine contractions

Hint 215

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 216

SE of ergot alkaloids

Back 216

Hallucinations resembling psychosis

Hint 216

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 217

Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug

Back 217

*LSD

Hint 217

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 218

Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia

Back 218

*Bromocriptine

Hint 218

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 219

Peptide causing increased capillary permeability and edema

Back 219

Bradykinin and histamine

Hint 219

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 220

Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema

Back 220

*Bradykinin

Hint 220

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 221

Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator)

Back 221

*Capsaicin

Hint 221

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 222

Prostaglandins that cause abortions

Back 222

*Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha

Hint 222

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 223

Difference between COX 1 and COX 2

Back 223

COX 1 is found throughout the body and COX 2 is only in inflammatory tissue

Hint 223

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 224

Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2

Back 224

Celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib

Hint 224

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 225

Inhibitor of lipoxygenase

Back 225

*Zileuton

Hint 225

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 226

Major SE of zileuton

Back 226

Liver toxicity

Hint 226

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 227

Inhibitor of leukotrienes (LTD4) receptors and used in asthma

Back 227

Zafirlukast and montelukast

Hint 227

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 228

Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis

Back 228

*PGE1

Hint 228

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 229

Approved for use in severe pulmonary HTN

Back 229

PGI2 (epoprostenol)

Hint 229

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 230

Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence

Back 230

*Alprostadil

Hint 230

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 231

Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor

Back 231

Aspirin

Hint 231

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 232

Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX

Back 232

NSAIDS

Hint 232

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 233

Primary endogenous substrate for Nitric Oxidase Synthase

Back 233

Arginine

Hint 233

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 234

MOA and effect of nitric oxide

Back 234

*Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Hint 234

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 235

Long acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma

Back 235

Salmeterol

Hint 235

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 236

Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma

Back 236

*Ipratropium

Hint 236

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 237

MOA action of cromolyn

Back 237

*Mast cell stabilizer

Hint 237

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 238

Enzyme which theophylline inhibits

Back 238

Phosphodiesterase

Hint 238

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 239

Methylxanthine derivative used as a remedy for intermittent claudication

Back 239

Pentoxifylline

Hint 239

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 240

Antidote for severe CV toxicity of theophylline

Back 240

Beta blockers

Hint 240

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 241

MOA of corticosteroids"

Back 241

inhibit phospholipase A2

Hint 241

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 242

SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy

Back 242

*Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively

Hint 242

drugs w/ important actions on smooth muscle

Front 243

MOA of quinolones

Back 243

**Inhibit DNA gyrase

Hint 243

antimicrobials

Front 244

MOA of penicillin

Back 244

Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage

Hint 244

antimicrobials

Front 245

Drug used for MRSA

Back 245

*Vancomycin

Hint 245

antimicrobials

Front 246

Vancomycin MOA

Back 246

**Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis

Hint 246

antimicrobials

Front 247

Type of resistance found with vancomycin

Back 247

Point mutation

Hint 247

antimicrobials

Front 248

Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients

Back 248

*Rifampin

Hint 248

antimicrobials

Front 249

Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it

Back 249

*Scotch tape technique and mebendazole

Hint 249

antimicrobials

Front 250

Two toxicities of aminoglycosides

Back 250

nephro and ototoxicity

Hint 250

antimicrobials

Front 251

DOC for Legionnaires' disease

Back 251

Erythromycin

Hint 251

antimicrobials

Front 252

MOA of sulfonamides

Back 252

*Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase

Hint 252

antimicrobials

Front 253

Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria

Back 253

Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin

Hint 253

antimicrobials

Front 254

Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media

Back 254

**Amoxicillin

Hint 254

antimicrobials

Front 255

Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins

Back 255

Cephalosporins

Hint 255

antimicrobials

Front 256

PCN active against pseudomonas

Back 256

Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin

Hint 256

antimicrobials

Front 257

Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention

Back 257

Vancomycin, infusion at a slow rate and antihistamines

Hint 257

antimicrobials

Front 258

Drug causes teeth discoloration

Back 258

Tetracycline

Hint 258

antimicrobials

Front 259

MOA of tetracycline

Back 259

Decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting 30S ribosome

Hint 259

antimicrobials

Front 260

Drug that causes gray baby syndrome and aplastic anemia

Back 260

Chloramphenicol

Hint 260

antimicrobials

Front 261

Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis

Back 261

Clindamycin

Hint 261

antimicrobials

Front 262

DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis

Back 262

**Metronidazole

Hint 262

antimicrobials

Front 263

Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis

Back 263

ORAL vancomycin

Hint 263

antimicrobials

Front 264

Anemia caused by trimethoprim

Back 264

*Megaloblastic anemia

Hint 264

antimicrobials

Front 265

Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy

Back 265

Cartilage damage

Hint 265

antimicrobials

Front 266

DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas

Back 266

*Metronidazole

Hint 266

antimicrobials

Front 267

Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE)

Back 267

*Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol

Hint 267

antimicrobials

Front 268

Metronidazole SE if given with alcohol

Back 268

Disulfiram-like reaction

Hint 268

antimicrobials

Front 269

Common side effect of Rifampin

Back 269

*Red urine discoloration

Hint 269

antimicrobials

Front 270

MOA of nystatin

Back 270

Bind ergosterol in fungal cell membrane

Hint 270

antimicrobials

Front 271

Neurotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) prevented by

Back 271

Administration of Vit. B6 (pyridoxine)

Hint 271

antimicrobials

Front 272

Toxicity of amphotericin

Back 272

Nephrotoxicity

Hint 272

antimicrobials

Front 273

SE seen only in men with administration of ketoconazole

Back 273

Gynecomastia

Hint 273

antimicrobials

Front 274

Topical DOC in impetigo

Back 274

Topical mupirocin (Bactroban)

Hint 274

antimicrobials

Front 275

DOC for influenza A

Back 275

*Amantadine

Hint 275

antimicrobials

Front 276

DOC for RSV

Back 276

*Ribavirin

Hint 276

antimicrobials

Front 277

DOC for CMV retinitis

Back 277

Ganciclovir

Hint 277

antimicrobials

Front 278

SE for ganciclovir

Back 278

Neutro, leuko and thrombocytopenia

Hint 278

antimicrobials

Front 279

Anti-viral agents associated with Stephen Johnson syndrome

Back 279

Nevirapine, amprenavir

Hint 279

antimicrobials

Front 280

HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism

Back 280

*Protease inhibitors

Hint 280

antimicrobials

Front 281

Antivirals that are teratogens

Back 281

Delavirdine, efavirenz, and ribavirin

Hint 281

antimicrobials

Front 282

Antivirals associated with neutropenia

Back 282

Ganciclovir, zidovudine, saquinavir, and interferon

Hint 282

antimicrobials

Front 283

HIV med used to reduce transmission during birth

Back 283

AZT (zidovudine)

Hint 283

antimicrobials

Front 284

Drug used for African sleeping sickness

Back 284

Suramin

Hint 284

antimicrobials

Front 285

Drug used in Chagas disease

Back 285

Nifurtimox

Hint 285

antimicrobials

Front 286

Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB

Back 286

Cefixime (2nd) and 3rd generation

Hint 286

antimicrobials

Front 287

Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females

Back 287

*Ceftriaxone

Hint 287

antimicrobials

Front 288

Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates

Back 288

Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime

Hint 288

antimicrobials

Front 289

SE of INH

Back 289

Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis

Hint 289

antimicrobials

Front 290

Aminoglycoside that is least ototoxic

Back 290

Streptomycin

Hint 290

antimicrobials

Front 291

Drug used in exoerythrocytic cycle of malaria

Back 291

Primaquine

Hint 291

antimicrobials

Front 292

Oral antibiotic of choice for moderate inflammatory acne

Back 292

Minocycline

Hint 292

antimicrobials

Front 293

Drug of choice for leprosy

Back 293

Dapsone

Hint 293

antimicrobials

Front 294

DOC for herpes and its MOA

Back 294

*Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase

Hint 294

antimicrobials

Front 295

Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients

Back 295

*Sulfonamides

Hint 295

antimicrobials

Front 296

MOA of erythromycin

Back 296

Inhibition of protein synthesis at the 50s subunit of ribosome

Hint 296

antimicrobials

Front 297

Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis

Back 297

*sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim

Hint 297

antimicrobials

Front 298

Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients

Back 298

Aztreonam

Hint 298

antimicrobials

Front 299

SE of imipenem

Back 299

Seizures

Hint 299

antimicrobials

Front 300

Anti-viral with a dose limiting toxicity of pancreatitis

Back 300

Didanosine

Hint 300

antimicrobials

Front 301

Common side effect of hypnotic agents

Back 301

Sedation

Hint 301

sedative hypnotics

Front 302

Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses

Back 302

Tolerance

Hint 302

sedative hypnotics

Front 303

The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications

Back 303

Additive CNS depression

Hint 303

sedative hypnotics

Front 304

Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses

Back 304

*REM is decreased

Hint 304

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 305

Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines

Back 305

Anterograde amnesia

Hint 305

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 306

Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy

Back 306

*Ability to cross the placenta

Hint 306

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 307

Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines

Back 307

Hepatic

Hint 307

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 308

Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (which are useful in older or hepatically impaired)

Back 308

Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam

Hint 308

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 309

MOA for benzodiazepines

Back 309

increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening

Hint 309

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 310

Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)

Back 310

*Flumazenil

Hint 310

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 311

Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin

Back 311

Diazepam

Hint 311

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 312

Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia

Back 312

Clonazepam

Hint 312

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 313

Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder

Back 313

Alprazolam and Clonazepam

Hint 313

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 314

Benzodiazepine that is used for anesthesia

Back 314

Midazolam

Hint 314

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 315

DOC for status epilepticus

Back 315

Diazepam

Hint 315

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 316

Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs

Back 316

Chlordiazepoxide and Diazepam

Hint 316

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 317

Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects

Back 317

Diazepam, Flurazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and clorazepate

Hint 317

benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)

Front 318

Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition

Back 318

Acute intermittent porphyria

Hint 318

barbituates (sedative hypnotic)

Front 319

Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property

Back 319

Liver enzyme INDUCTION

Hint 319

barbituates (sedative hypnotic)

Front 320

Barbiturates MOA

Back 320

Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels

Hint 320

barbituates (sedative hypnotic)

Front 321

Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia

Back 321

Thiopental

Hint 321

barbituates (sedative hypnotic)

Front 322

Important drug interaction with chloral hydrate

Back 322

May displace coumadin from plasma proteins

Hint 322

alcohols (sedative hypnotic)

Front 323

Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem

Back 323

Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although are not considered benzodiazepines)

Hint 323

sedative hypnotics

Front 324

Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines

Back 324

Zolpidem, zaleplon

Hint 324

sedative hypnotics

Front 325

Agent that is a partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor

Back 325

Buspirone

Hint 325

sedative hypnotics

Front 326

Drug of choice for generalized anxiety disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety

Back 326

Buspirone

Hint 326

sedative hypnotics

Front 327

Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Back 327

*Ethanol

Hint 327

alcohols

Front 328

Agent with zero-order kinetics

Back 328

Ethanol

Hint 328

alcohols

Front 329

Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism

Back 329

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Hint 329

alcohols

Front 330

System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance

Back 330

*MEOS

Hint 330

alcohols

Front 331

Agent that metabolize acetaldehyde to acetate

Back 331

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Hint 331

alcohols

Front 332

Agents that inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase

Back 332

Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins

Hint 332

alcohols

Front 333

Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension

Back 333

Disulfiram

Hint 333

alcohols

Front 334

The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics

Back 334

*Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)

Hint 334

alcohols

Front 335

Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome

Back 335

Alcohol

Hint 335

alcohols

Front 336

Agent that is the antidote for methanol overdose

Back 336

Alcohol

Hint 336

alcohols

Front 337

Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure

Back 337

Fomepizole

Hint 337

alcohols

Front 338

Most frequent route of metabolism

Back 338

Hepatic enzymes

Hint 338

anti-seizure drugs

Front 339

Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine

Back 339

Sodium blockade

Hint 339

anti-seizure drugs

Front 340

MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Back 340

GABA-related targets

Hint 340

anti-seizure drugs

Front 341

MOA for Ethosuximide

Back 341

Calcium channels

Hint 341

anti-seizure drugs

Front 342

MOA for Valproic acid at high doses

Back 342

Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels

Hint 342

anti-seizure drugs

Front 343

Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures

Back 343

*Valproic acid and Phenytoin

Hint 343

anti-seizure drugs

Front 344

DOC for febrile seizures

Back 344

Phenobarbital

Hint 344

anti-seizure drugs

Front 345

Drugs of choice for absence seizures

Back 345

*Ethosuximide and valproic acid

Hint 345

anti-seizure drugs

Front 346

Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures

Back 346

*Valproic acid

Hint 346

anti-seizure drugs

Front 347

Drugs of choice for status epilepticus

Back 347

IV diazepam or phenytoin (for prolonged therapy not acute)

Hint 347

anti-seizure drugs

Front 348

Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms

Back 348

Corticosteroids

Hint 348

anti-seizure drugs

Front 349

Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)

Back 349

Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin

Hint 349

anti-seizure drugs

Front 350

Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia

Back 350

Carbamazepine

Hint 350

anti-seizure drugs

Front 351

Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin

Back 351

*Gabapentin

Hint 351

anti-seizure drugs

Front 352

Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism

Back 352

Phenytoin

Hint 352

anti-seizure drugs

Front 353

SE of phenytoin

Back 353

*Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia

Hint 353

anti-seizure drugs

Front 354

Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida

Back 354

Carbamazepine

Hint 354

anti-seizure drugs

Front 355

Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress

Back 355

Valproic acid

Hint 355

anti-seizure drugs

Front 356

Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid

Back 356

Serum ammonia and LFT's

Hint 356

anti-seizure drugs

Front 357

SE for Lamotrigine

Back 357

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Hint 357

anti-seizure drugs

Front 358

SE for Felbamate

Back 358

Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure

Hint 358

anti-seizure drugs

Front 359

Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines

Back 359

Valproic acid

Hint 359

anti-seizure drugs

Front 360

Carbamazepine may cause

Back 360

Agranulocytosis

Hint 360

anti-seizure drugs

Front 361

Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization

Back 361

Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid

Hint 361

anti-seizure drugs

Front 362

MOA of general anesthetics

Back 362

Unclear, thought to increase the threshold for firing of CNS neurons

Hint 362

general anesthetics

Front 363

Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient

Back 363

Nitrous oxide

Hint 363

general anesthetics

Front 364

Inversely related to potency of anesthetics

Back 364

Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)

Hint 364

general anesthetics

Front 365

Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents

Back 365

Halothane and methoxyflurane

Hint 365

general anesthetics

Front 366

Most inhaled anesthetics SE

Back 366

Decrease arterial blood pressure

Hint 366

general anesthetics

Front 367

Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants

Back 367

Enflurane and halothane

Hint 367

general anesthetics

Front 368

Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation

Back 368

Isoflurane

Hint 368

general anesthetics

Front 369

Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis

Back 369

Halothane

Hint 369

general anesthetics

Front 370

Inhaled anesthetics, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration

Back 370

Nitrous oxide

Hint 370

general anesthetics

Front 371

Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency

Back 371

Methoxyflurane

Hint 371

general anesthetics

Front 372

Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia

Back 372

Nitrous oxide

Hint 372

general anesthetics

Front 373

Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm

Back 373

Desflurane

Hint 373

general anesthetics

Front 374

DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics

Back 374

*Dantrolene

Hint 374

general anesthetics

Front 375

IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic

Back 375

Thiopental

Hint 375

general anesthetics

Front 376

Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia

Back 376

Midazolam

Hint 376

general anesthetics

Front 377

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose

Back 377

*Flumazenil

Hint 377

general anesthetics

Front 378

This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery

Back 378

Ketamine

Hint 378

general anesthetics

Front 379

Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia

Back 379

*Fentanyl

Hint 379

general anesthetics

Front 380

State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide

Back 380

Neuroleptanesthesia

Hint 380

general anesthetics

Front 381

Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension

Back 381

Propofol

Hint 381

general anesthetics

Front 382

MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)

Back 382

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels

Hint 382

local anesthetics

Front 383

This may enhance activity of local anesthetics

Back 383

Hyperkalemia

Hint 383

local anesthetics

Front 384

This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics

Back 384

Hypercalcemia

Hint 384

local anesthetics

Front 385

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity

Back 385

Vasodilation

Hint 385

local anesthetics

Front 386

Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery

Back 386

Cocaine

Hint 386

local anesthetics

Front 387

Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors

Back 387

Tetracaine and bupivacaine

Hint 387

local anesthetics

Front 388

These LA's have surface activity

Back 388

Cocaine and benzocaine

Hint 388

local anesthetics

Front 389

Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics

Back 389

CNS toxicity

Hint 389

local anesthetics

Front 390

Commonly abused LA which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

Back 390

Cocaine

Hint 390

local anesthetics

Front 391

LA causing methemoglobinemia

Back 391

Prilocaine

Hint 391

local anesthetics

Front 392

Structurally related to acetylcholine, used to produce muscle paralysis in order to facilitate surgery or artifical ventilation. Full doses lead to respiratory paralysis and require ventilation

Back 392

Neuromuscular blocking drugs

Hint 392

local anesthetics

Front 393

These drugs strongly potentiate and prolong effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB)

Back 393

Inhaled anesthetics, especially isoflurane, aminoglycosides, and antiarrhythmic

Hint 393

local anesthetics

Front 394

These prevent the action of Ach at the skeletal muscle endplate to produce a "surmountable blockade," effect is reversed by cholinesterase inhibitors (ex. neostigmine or pyridostigmine)

Back 394

Nondepolarizing type antagonists

Hint 394

local anesthetics

Front 395

Agent with long duration of action and is sost likely to cause histamine release

Back 395

Tubocurarine

Hint 395

local anesthetics

Front 396

Non-depolarizing antagonist has short duration

Back 396

Mivacurium

Hint 396

local anesthetics

Front 397

Agent can blocking muscarinic receptors

Back 397

Pancuronium

Hint 397

local anesthetics

Front 398

Agent undergoing Hofmann elimination (breaking down spontaneously)

Back 398

Atracurium

Hint 398

local anesthetics

Front 399

One depolarizing blocker that causes continuous depolarization and results in muscle relaxation and paralysis, xcuses muscle pain postoperatively and myoglobinuria may occur

Back 399

Succinylcholine

Hint 399

local anesthetics

Front 400

During Phase I these agents worsen the paralysis by succinylcholine, but during phase II they reverse the blockade produced by succinylcholine

Back 400

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Hint 400

local anesthetics

Front 401

Agents acting in the CNS or in the skeletal muscle, used to reduce abnormally elevated tone caused by neurologic or muscle end plate disease

Back 401

Spasmolytic drugs

Hint 401

spasmolytic drugs

Front 402

Facilitates GABA presynaptic inhibition

Back 402

Diazepam

Hint 402

spasmolytic drugs

Front 403

GABA agonist in the spinal cord

Back 403

Baclofen

Hint 403

spasmolytic drugs

Front 404

Similar to clonidine and may cause hypotension

Back 404

Tizanidine

Hint 404

spasmolytic drugs

Front 405

DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle

Back 405

*Dantrolene

Hint 405

spasmolytic drugs

Front 406

Agent used for acute muscle spasm

Back 406

Cyclobenzaprine

Hint 406

spasmolytic drugs

Front 407

Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible

Back 407

*Drug induced Parkinsonism

Hint 407

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 408

Agent used in drug therapy of Parkinson's instead of Dopamine which has low bioavailability and does not cross the BBB

Back 408

L-dopa

Hint 408

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 409

This is combined with L-dopa, inhibits DOPA decarboxylase (active only peripherally) which allows lower effective doses of L-dopa and allows for fewer SE's (GI distress, postural hypotension, and dyskinesias)

Back 409

Carbidopa

Hint 409

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 410

Clinical response that may fluctuate in tx of Parkinson's dx

Back 410

"On-off-phenomenon"

Hint 410

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 411

Anti-Parkinson's drug which increases intraocular pressure and is contraindicated in closed angle glaucoma

Back 411

Levodopa

Hint 411

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 412

Ergot alkaloid that is a partial agonist at D2 receptors in the brain, used for patients who are refractory or cannot tolerate levodopa, causes erythromelalgia

Back 412

Bromocriptine

Hint 412

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 413

Non ergot agents used as first-line therapy in the initial management of Parkinson's

Back 413

Pramipexole and ropinirole

Hint 413

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 414

Enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission SE's include CNS excitation, acute toxic psychosis and livedo reticularis

Back 414

Amantadine

Hint 414

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 415

Inhibitor of MAO type B which metabolizes dopamine, used adjunct to levodopa or as sole agent in newly diagnosed pt's

Back 415

Selegiline

Hint 415

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 416

Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjuncts in Parkinson's dx and cause acute hepatic failure (monitor LFT's)

Back 416

Entacapone and Tolcapone

Hint 416

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 417

Agent decreases the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. May improve tremor and rigidity but have LITTLE effect on bradykinesia. Atropine-like side effects

Back 417

Benztropine

Hint 417

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 418

Agent effective in physiologic and essential tremor

Back 418

Propranolol

Hint 418

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 419

Agents used in Huntington's Disease

Back 419

Tetrabenazine (amine depleting drug), Haloperidol (antipsychotic)

Hint 419

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 420

Agents used in Tourette's dx

Back 420

Haloperidol or pimozide

Hint 420

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 421

Chelating agent used in Wilson's disease

Back 421

Penicillamine

Hint 421

drugs used in parkinsonism and other movement d/o

Front 422

Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor

Back 422

Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors

Hint 422

antipsychotics

Front 423

Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine

Back 423

*Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain

Hint 423

antipsychotics

Front 424

Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only

Back 424

Older antipsychotics

Hint 424

antipsychotics

Front 425

Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation

Back 425

Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole

Hint 425

antipsychotics

Front 426

Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia

Back 426

*Risperidone

Hint 426

antipsychotics

Front 427

Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels

Back 427

*Risperidone

Hint 427

antipsychotics

Front 428

Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes

Back 428

Olanzapine

Hint 428

antipsychotics

Front 429

Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker

Back 429

Haloperidol

Hint 429

antipsychotics

Front 430

Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 430

*Dantrolene

Hint 430

antipsychotics

Front 431

Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)

Back 431

Muscarinic blockers

Hint 431

antipsychotics

Front 432

Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects

Back 432

*Thioridazine

Hint 432

antipsychotics

Front 433

Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects

Back 433

Haloperidol

Hint 433

antipsychotics

Front 434

Antipsychotic that does not block muscarinic or histamine receptors, and it prolongs the QT interval

Back 434

Sertindole

Hint 434

antipsychotics

Front 435

Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias

Back 435

Thioridazine

Hint 435

antipsychotics

Front 436

Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause agranulocytosis

Back 436

*Clozapine

Hint 436

antipsychotics

Front 437

Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia

Back 437

*Clozapine

Hint 437

antipsychotics

Front 438

Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation

Back 438

Fluphenazine and haloperidol

Hint 438

antipsychotics

Front 439

Reduced seizure threshold

Back 439

Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine

Hint 439

antipsychotics

Front 440

Orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation

Back 440

Low potency and risperidone

Hint 440

antipsychotics

Front 441

Increased risk of developing cataracts

Back 441

Quetiapine

Hint 441

antipsychotics

Front 442

Major route of elimination for Lithium

Back 442

*Kidneys

Hint 442

lithium

Front 443

Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop

Back 443

*Lithium toxicity

Hint 443

lithium

Front 444

Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium

Back 444

Theophylline

Hint 444

lithium

Front 445

Lithium is associated with this congenital defect

Back 445

Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation

Hint 445

lithium

Front 446

DOC for bipolar affective disorder

Back 446

*Lithium

Hint 446

lithium

Front 447

SE of lithium

Back 447

*Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus

Hint 447

lithium

Front 448

Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 448

Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine

Hint 448

antidepressants

Front 449

Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants

Back 449

Norepinephrine and serotonin

Hint 449

antidepressants

Front 450

Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy

Back 450

2 to 3 weeks

Hint 450

antidepressants

Front 451

Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants

Back 451

Elderly patients

Hint 451

antidepressants

Front 452

All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion

Back 452

Side-effect profile and prior pt response

Hint 452

antidepressants

Front 453

Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants

Back 453

SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine

Hint 453

antidepressants

Front 454

Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression

Back 454

Monamine oxidase inhibitors

Hint 454

MAOIs (antidepressants)

Front 455

Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)

Back 455

Hypertensive crisis

Hint 455

MAOIs (antidepressants)

Front 456

MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition

Back 456

Serotonin syndrome

Hint 456

MAOIs (antidepressants)

Front 457

Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD, acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly

Back 457

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Hint 457

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 458

Three C's associated with TCA toxicity

Back 458

Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)

Hint 458

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 459

Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's

Back 459

Tertiary amines

Hint 459

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 460

TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects

Back 460

Amitriptyline

Hint 460

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 461

TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD

Back 461

*Imipramine

Hint 461

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 462

TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep

Back 462

Doxepin

Hint 462

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 463

TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms

Back 463

Clomipramine

Hint 463

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 464

Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect

Back 464

Nortriptyline, Desipramine

Hint 464

TCAs (antidepressants)

Front 465

Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 465

Amoxapine

Hint 465

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 466

Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity

Back 466

Maprotiline

Hint 466

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 467

Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure

Back 467

Venlafaxine

Hint 467

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 468

Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake

Back 468

Venlafaxine

Hint 468

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 469

Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism

Back 469

Trazodone

Hint 469

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 470

Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure

Back 470

Nefazodone

Hint 470

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 471

Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures

Back 471

*Bupropion

Hint 471

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 472

Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating

Back 472

Mirtazapine

Hint 472

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 473

SE of mirtazapine

Back 473

Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol

Hint 473

heterocyclics (antidepressants)

Front 474

Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes

Back 474

Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram

Hint 474

SSRIs (antidepressants)

Front 475

SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx

Back 475

Fluoxetine

Hint 475

SSRIs (antidepressants)

Front 476

SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Back 476

Fluoxetine (Sarafem)

Hint 476

SSRIs (antidepressants)

Front 477

Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression

Back 477

Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD

Hint 477

SSRIs (antidepressants)

Front 478

SSRI's less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome

Back 478

Fluoxetine

Hint 478

SSRIs (antidepressants)

Front 479

Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons

Back 479

Ascending pathways

Hint 479

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 480

Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release

Back 480

*Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors

Hint 480

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 481

Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization

Back 481

Postsynaptic Mu receptors

Hint 481

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 482

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except

Back 482

*Miosis and constipation

Hint 482

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 483

All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction

Back 483

Meperidine

Hint 483

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 484

SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone

Back 484

Opioid Analgesics

Hint 484

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 485

Strong opioid agonists

Back 485

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

Hint 485

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 486

Opioids used in anesthesia

Back 486

Morphine and fentanyl

Hint 486

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 487

Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states

Back 487

*Methadone

Hint 487

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 488

Opioid available trans-dermally

Back 488

*Fentanyl

Hint 488

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 489

Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema

Back 489

*Morphine

Hint 489

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 490

Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome

Back 490

Meperidine

Hint 490

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 491

Moderate opioid agonists

Back 491

*Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

Hint 491

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 492

Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures

Back 492

Propoxyphene

Hint 492

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 493

Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

Back 493

Buprenorphine

Hint 493

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 494

Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA

Back 494

*Naloxone

Hint 494

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 495

Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs

Back 495

*Naltrexone

Hint 495

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 496

These agents are used as antitussive

Back 496

Dextromethorphan, Codeine

Hint 496

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 497

These agents are used as antidiarrheal

Back 497

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

Hint 497

Opiod Analgesics and Antagonists

Front 498

Inhalant anesthetics

Back 498

NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether

Hint 498

Drugs of Abuse

Front 499

Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation

Back 499

Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents

Hint 499

Drugs of Abuse

Front 500

Cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing

Back 500

Organic nitrites

Hint 500

Drugs of Abuse

Front 501

Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression

Back 501

Steroids

Hint 501

Drugs of Abuse

Front 502

Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include

Back 502

*Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses

Hint 502

Drugs of Abuse

Front 503

Most commonly abused in health care professionals

Back 503

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl

Hint 503

Drugs of Abuse

Front 504

This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence

Back 504

IV administration

Hint 504

Drugs of Abuse

Front 505

Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death

Back 505

*Overdose of opioids

Hint 505

Drugs of Abuse

Front 506

Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome

Back 506

Abstinence syndrome

Hint 506

Drugs of Abuse

Front 507

Treatment for opioid addiction

Back 507

Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction

Hint 507

Drugs of Abuse

Front 508

This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict

Back 508

*Naloxone

Hint 508

Drugs of Abuse

Front 509

Sedative-Hypnotics action

Back 509

Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation

Hint 509

Drugs of Abuse

Front 510

Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents

Back 510

CNS depressants

Hint 510

Drugs of Abuse

Front 511

Common mechanism by which overdose result in death

Back 511

Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers

Hint 511

Drugs of Abuse

Front 512

"Date rape drug"

Back 512

*Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)

Hint 512

Drugs of Abuse

Front 513

The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome

Back 513

Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)

Hint 513

Drugs of Abuse

Front 514

Treatment of withdrawal syndrome involves

Back 514

Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol

Hint 514

Drugs of Abuse

Front 515

These agents are CNS depressants

Back 515

*Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines

Hint 515

Drugs of Abuse

Front 516

Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache

Back 516

Caffeine

Hint 516

Drugs of Abuse

Front 517

W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort

Back 517

Nicotine

Hint 517

Drugs of Abuse

Front 518

Treatments available for nicotine addiction

Back 518

*Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion

Hint 518

Drugs of Abuse

Front 519

Chronic high dose abuse of nicotine leads to

Back 519

Psychotic state, overdose causes agitation, restlessness, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and seizures

Hint 519

Drugs of Abuse

Front 520

Tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs

Back 520

Amphetamines

Hint 520

Drugs of Abuse

Front 521

Amphetamine agents

Back 521

Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine

Hint 521

Drugs of Abuse

Front 522

These agents are congeners of Amphetamine

Back 522

DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"

Hint 522

Drugs of Abuse

Front 523

Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)

Back 523

Cocaine "super-speed"

Hint 523

Drugs of Abuse

Front 524

Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic

Back 524

PCP

Hint 524

Drugs of Abuse

Front 525

Removal of PCP may be aided

Back 525

Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction

Hint 525

Drugs of Abuse

Front 526

THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur

Back 526

*Marijuana

Hint 526

Drugs of Abuse

Front 527

This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 527

*Bethanechol

Hint 527

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 528

Only direct acting agent that is very lipid soluble and used in glaucoma

Back 528

Pilocarpine

Hint 528

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 529

This agent used to treat dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome

Back 529

Cevimeline

Hint 529

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 530

Indirect-Acting ACh Agonist, alcohol, short DOA and used in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Back 530

Edrophonium

Hint 530

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 531

Carbamate with intermediate action postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention

Back 531

Neostigmine

Hint 531

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 532

Treatment of atropine overdose and glaucoma (because lipid soluable). Enters the CNS rapidly and has a stimulant effect, which may lead to convulsions

Back 532

Physostigmine

Hint 532

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 533

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

Back 533

Pyridostigmine

Hint 533

Direct Acting (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 534

Antiglaucoma organophosphate

Back 534

Echothiophate

Hint 534

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 535

Associated with an increased incidence of cataracts in patients treated for glaucoma

Back 535

Long acting cholinesterase inhibitors

Hint 535

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 536

Scabicide organophosphate

Back 536

Malathion

Hint 536

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 537

Organophosphate anthelmintic agent with long DOA

Back 537

Metrifonate

Hint 537

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 538

Toxicity of organophosphate:

Back 538

*DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating)

Hint 538

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 539

The most important cause of acute deaths in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity

Back 539

Respiratory failure

Hint 539

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 540

The most toxic organophosphate

Back 540

Parathion

Hint 540

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 541

Treatment of choice for organophosphate overdose

Back 541

Atropine

Hint 541

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 542

This agent regenerates active cholinesterase and is a chemical antagonist used to treat organophosphate exposure

Back 542

Pralidoxime

Hint 542

Organophosphates (Cholinoreceptor-Activatin & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs)

Front 543

Prototypical drug is atropine

Back 543

Nonselective Muscarinic Antagonists

Hint 543

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 544

Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS

Back 544

*Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl

Hint 544

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 545

Treatment of motion sickness

Back 545

*Scopolamine

Hint 545

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 546

Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia

Back 546

*Atropine, homatropine tropicamide

Hint 546

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 547

Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD

Back 547

*Ipratropium

Hint 547

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 548

Reduce transient hyper GI motility

Back 548

Dicyclomine, methscopolamine

Hint 548

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 549

Cystitis, postoperative bladder spasms, or incontinence

Back 549

Oxybutynin, dicyclomine

Hint 549

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 550

Toxicity of anticholinergics

Back 550

block SLUD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

Hint 550

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 551

Another pneumonic for anticholinergic toxicity

Back 551

"dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, blind as a bat"

Hint 551

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 552

Atropine fever is the most dangerous effect and can be lethal in this population group

Back 552

Infants

Hint 552

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 553

Contraindications to use of atropine

Back 553

Infants, closed angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy

Hint 553

Cholinoreceptor Blockers & Cholinesterase Regenerators

Front 554

Prototype ganglion blocker

Back 554

Hexamethonium

Hint 554

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 555

Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate

Back 555

Severe hypertension

Hint 555

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 556

Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers

Back 556

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Hint 556

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 557

Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis

Back 557

Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers

Hint 557

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 558

Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use

Back 558

Succinylcholine

Hint 558

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 559

Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)

Back 559

Cholinesterase Regenerators

Hint 559

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 560

Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion

Back 560

Pralidoxime

Hint 560

Nicotinic Antagonists

Front 561

Pneumonic for beta receptors

Back 561

*You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)

Hint 561

Sympathomimetics

Front 562

This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock

Back 562

*Epinephrine

Hint 562

Sympathomimetics

Front 563

Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction

Back 563

Amphetamines

Hint 563

Sympathomimetics

Front 564

Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia

Back 564

Phenylephrine

Hint 564

Sympathomimetics

Front 565

Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for

Back 565

Glaucoma

Hint 565

Sympathomimetics

Front 566

Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma

Back 566

Reduce aqueous synthesis

Hint 566

Sympathomimetics

Front 567

Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis

Back 567

Albuterol

Hint 567

Sympathomimetics

Front 568

Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma

Back 568

Salmeterol

Hint 568

Sympathomimetics

Front 569

These agents increase blood flow and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock

Back 569

Beta1 agonists

Hint 569

Sympathomimetics

Front 570

These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion

Back 570

*Alpha1 agonists

Hint 570

Sympathomimetics

Front 571

Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by

Back 571

Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines

Hint 571

Sympathomimetics

Front 572

Often mixed with local anesthetic to

Back 572

Reduce the loss from area of injection

Hint 572

Sympathomimetics

Front 573

Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with

Back 573

Midodrine

Hint 573

Sympathomimetics

Front 574

Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus

Back 574

Terbutaline

Hint 574

Sympathomimetics

Front 575

Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis

Back 575

Ephedrine

Hint 575

Sympathomimetics

Front 576

Alpha 1 agonist toxicity

Back 576

*Hypertension

Hint 576

Sympathomimetics

Front 577

Beta 1 agonist toxicity

Back 577

Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias

Hint 577

Sympathomimetics

Front 578

Beta 2 agonist toxicity

Back 578

Skeletal muscle tremor

Hint 578

Sympathomimetics

Front 579

The selective agents loose their selectivity at

Back 579

high doses

Hint 579

Sympathomimetics

Front 580

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis

Back 580

Phenoxybenzamine

Hint 580

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 581

Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud's phenomena

Back 581

Phentolamine

Hint 581

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 582

Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension

Back 582

*Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

Hint 582

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 583

Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)

Back 583

Yohimbine

Hint 583

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 584

SelectiveB1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients with asthma

Back 584

*Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol

Hint 584

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 585

Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF

Back 585

Labetalol and carvedilol

Hint 585

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 586

Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma

Back 586

Pindolol and acebutolol

Hint 586

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 587

This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma

Back 587

*Timolol

Hint 587

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 588

This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting

Back 588

Esmolol

Hint 588

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 589

This beta blocker is the longest acting

Back 589

Nadolol

Hint 589

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 590

These beta blockers are less lipid soluble

Back 590

Acebutolol and atenolol

Hint 590

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 591

This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares

Back 591

Propranolol

Hint 591

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 592

Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF

Back 592

Beta blockers

Hint 592

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 593

Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF, signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)

Back 593

Beta blockers

Hint 593

Adenoceptor Blocker

Front 594

Cholinomimetics that increase outflow, open trabecular meshwork, and cause ciliary muscle contraction

Back 594

Pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine

Hint 594

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 595

Nonselective alpha agonists that increases outflow, probably via the uveoscleral veins

Back 595

Epinephrine, dipivefrin

Hint 595

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 596

Selective alpha agonists that decreases aqueous secretion

Back 596

Apraclonidine, brimonidine

Hint 596

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 597

These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion

Back 597

*Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective)

Hint 597

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 598

This diuretic decreases aqueous secretion due to lack of HCO3- ion. Causes drowsiness and paresthesias, alkalinization of the urine may precipitate calcium salts, hypokalemia, acidosis

Back 598

Acetazolamide

Hint 598

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 599

This agent cause increased aqueous outflow

Back 599

Prostaglandin PGF2a

Hint 599

Glaucoma (all agents except diuretics)

Front 600

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Back 600

*Ace inhibitors

Hint 600

Antihypertensives

Front 601

Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are

Back 601

*Ace inhibitors

Hint 601

Antihypertensives

Front 602

SE of ACE inhibitors

Back 602

*Dry cough, hyperkalemia

Hint 602

Antihypertensives

Front 603

Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in

Back 603

*pregnancy and with K+

Hint 603

Antihypertensives

Front 604

Losartan and valsartan block

Back 604

*Angiotensin receptor

Hint 604

Antihypertensives

Front 605

Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause

Back 605

*Dry cough

Hint 605

Antihypertensives

Front 606

Block L-type calcium channel

Back 606

Calcium channel blockers

Hint 606

Antihypertensives

Front 607

CCB contraindicated in CHF

Back 607

*Verapamil

Hint 607

Antihypertensives

Front 608

CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation

Back 608

Nifedipine

Hint 608

Antihypertensives

Front 609

SE of CCB

Back 609

*Constipation, edema, and headache

Hint 609

Antihypertensives

Front 610

Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand

Back 610

*Beta-blockers

Hint 610

Antihypertensives

Front 611

B-blockers that are more cardioselective

Back 611

Beta C2001-selective blockers

Hint 611

Antihypertensives

Front 612

Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers

Back 612

*Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol

Hint 612

Antihypertensives

Front 613

Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in

Back 613

Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease

Hint 613

Antihypertensives

Front 614

Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis

Back 614

Propranolol

Hint 614

Antihypertensives

Front 615

SE of beta blockers

Back 615

*Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)

Hint 615

Antihypertensives

Front 616

Alpha 1selective blockers

Back 616

*Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)

Hint 616

Antihypertensives

Front 617

Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma

Back 617

Phenoxybenzamine

Hint 617

Antihypertensives

Front 618

For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal

Back 618

Phentolamine

Hint 618

Antihypertensives

Front 619

A1a-selective blocker used for BPH

Back 619

*Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Hint 619

Antihypertensives

Front 620

SE of alpha blockers

Back 620

*Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia

Hint 620

Antihypertensives

Front 621

Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN

Back 621

Clonidine, and methyldopa

Hint 621

Antihypertensives

Front 622

SE of methyldopa

Back 622

Positive Comb's test, depression

Hint 622

Antihypertensives

Front 623

Methyldopa is contraindicated in

Back 623

*Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects

Hint 623

Antihypertensives

Front 624

SE of clonidine

Back 624

Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth

Hint 624

Antihypertensives

Front 625

Ganglionic blockers formerly used in HTN

Back 625

Trimethaphan, and hexamethonium

Hint 625

Antihypertensives

Front 626

Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle

Back 626

Hydralazine

Hint 626

Antihypertensives

Front 627

SE of hydralazine

Back 627

*Lupus-like syndrome

Hint 627

Antihypertensives

Front 628

Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels

Back 628

Minoxidil

Hint 628

Antihypertensives

Front 629

SE of minoxidil

Back 629

Hypertrichosis

Hint 629

Antihypertensives

Front 630

IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis

Back 630

Nitroprusside

Hint 630

Antihypertensives

Front 631

Nitroprusside vasodilates

Back 631

Arteries and veins

Hint 631

Antihypertensives

Front 632

Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment

Back 632

Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate

Hint 632

Antihypertensives

Front 633

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Back 633

Acetazolamide

Hint 633

Diuretics

Front 634

Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma

Back 634

*Acetazolamide

Hint 634

Diuretics

Front 635

SE of acetazolamide

Back 635

*Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment

Hint 635

Diuretics

Front 636

MOA of loop diuretics

Back 636

inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport

Hint 636

Diuretics

Front 637

Site of action of loop diuretics

Back 637

*Thick ascending limb

Hint 637

Diuretics

Front 638

SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics

Back 638

*Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity

Hint 638

Diuretics

Front 639

Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect

Back 639

Ototoxicity

Hint 639

Diuretics

Front 640

Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain

Back 640

*Calcium

Hint 640

Diuretics

Front 641

MOA of thiazide diuretics

Back 641

Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport

Hint 641

Diuretics

Front 642

Site of action of thiazide diuretics

Back 642

*Work at early distal convoluted tubule

Hint 642

Diuretics

Front 643

Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics

Back 643

Sulfonamides

Hint 643

Diuretics

Front 644

SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics

Back 644

*Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia

Hint 644

Diuretics

Front 645

Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit

Back 645

*Na+/K+ exchange

Hint 645

Diuretics

Front 646

Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism

Back 646

*Spironolactone

Hint 646

Diuretics

Front 647

SE of spironolactone

Back 647

*Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence

Hint 647

Diuretics

Front 648

Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure

Back 648

*Mannitol

Hint 648

Diuretics

Front 649

ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus

Back 649

*Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Hint 649

ADH agonist and antagonists

Front 650

Used for SIADH

Back 650

Demeclocycline

Hint 650

ADH agonist and antagonists

Front 651

SE of demeclocycline

Back 651

Bone marrow and teeth discoloration for children under 8 years of age

Hint 651

ADH agonist and antagonists

Front 652

MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics

Back 652

*Sodium channel blockers

Hint 652

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 653

SE of procainamide

Back 653

*Lupus-like syndrome

Hint 653

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 654

Limiting side effect of Quinidine

Back 654

*Prolongs QT interval

Hint 654

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 655

Other side effects of Quinidine

Back 655

Thrombocytopenic purpura, and CINCHONISM

Hint 655

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 656

Major drug interaction with Quinidine

Back 656

Increases concentration of Digoxin

Hint 656

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 657

DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias

Back 657

*Lidocaine

Hint 657

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 658

DOC for digoxin induced arrhythmias

Back 658

Phenytoin

Hint 658

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 659

SE of phenytoin

Back 659

Gingival hyperplasia

Hint 659

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 660

Class of anti-arrhythmics that has a pro-arrhythmic effect (CAST trial), therefore are used as last line agents

Back 660

Class IC (flecainide, propafenone, moricizine)

Hint 660

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 661

Class II antiarrhythmics are

Back 661

B-blockers

Hint 661

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 662

Antiarrhythmic that exhibits Class II and III properties

Back 662

Sotalol

Hint 662

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 663

Side effect of sotalol

Back 663

prolongs QT and PR interval

Hint 663

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 664

Used intravenously for acute arrhythmias during surgery

Back 664

Esmolol

Hint 664

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 665

Anti-arrhythmics that decrease mortality

Back 665

B-blockers

Hint 665

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 666

MOA of class III antiarrhythmics

Back 666

Potassium channel blockers

Hint 666

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 667

Class III antiarrhythmic that exhibits properties of all 4 classes

Back 667

Amiodarone

Hint 667

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 668

Specific pharmacokinetic characteristic of amiodarone

Back 668

Prolonged half-life, up to six weeks

Hint 668

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 669

Antiarrhythmic effective in most types of arrhythmia

Back 669

Amiodarone

Hint 669

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 670

SE of Amiodarone

Back 670

Dysfunction, photosensitivity, skin (blue smurf syndrome), Pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid and corneal deposits

Hint 670

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 671

MOA of class IV antiarrhythmics

Back 671

Calcium channel blockers

Hint 671

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 672

Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to

Back 672

*Torsades de pointes

Hint 672

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 673

Agent to treat torsades de pointes

Back 673

Magnesium sulfate

Hint 673

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 674

Drug used supraventricular arrhythmias

Back 674

Digoxin

Hint 674

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 675

DOC for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

Back 675

Adenosine

Hint 675

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 676

Adenosine's MOA

Back 676

Activates acetylcholine sensitive K+ channels in SA and AV node

Hint 676

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 677

Anti-arrhythmic with 15 second duration of action

Back 677

Adenosine

Hint 677

Antiarrhythmic Agents

Front 678

MOA of sildenafil (Viagra)

Back 678

*Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP

Hint 678

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 679

Drugs used in the management of angina

Back 679

Aspirin, Nitrates, CCB, and Beta blockers

Hint 679

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 680

Aspirin reduces mortality in unstable angina by

Back 680

Platelet aggregation inhibition

Hint 680

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 681

MOA of nitrates

Back 681

*Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles

Hint 681

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 682

Nitrate used for acute anginal attacks

Back 682

Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets

Hint 682

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 683

Nitrate used to prevent further attacks

Back 683

Oral and transdermal forms of nitroglycerin

Hint 683

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 684

Nitrate free intervals are needed due to

Back 684

Tolerance

Hint 684

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 685

SE of nitrates

Back 685

Postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, hot flashes, and throbbing headache due to meningeal artery dilation

Hint 685

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 686

CCB are DOC for

Back 686

Prinzmetal's angina

Hint 686

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 687

Beta blockers are used for which type of anginal attack

Back 687

Classic

Hint 687

Vasodilators and treatment of angina

Front 688

MOA of Cardiac glycosides (eg. digoxin)

Back 688

Indirectly increase intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility by inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase

Hint 688

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 689

Digoxin is used in

Back 689

Atrial fibrillation and CHF

Hint 689

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 690

Digoxin toxicity can be precipitated by

Back 690

Hypokalemia

Hint 690

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 691

Antidote for digoxin toxicity

Back 691

Digibind

Hint 691

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 692

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase mortality and have been found to have NO beneficial effects

Back 692

Amrinone and milrinone

Hint 692

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 693

SE of amrinone

Back 693

Thrombocytopenia

Hint 693

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 694

Beta 1 agonists used in acute CHF

Back 694

Dobutamine and dopamine

Hint 694

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 695

Diuretics work in CHF by

Back 695

Reducing preload

Hint 695

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 696

Beta blockers work in CHF by

Back 696

Reducing progression of heart failure (never use in acute heart failure)

Hint 696

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 697

Agent used in CHF that is a selective alpha and nonselective beta blocker

Back 697

Carvedilol

Hint 697

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 698

Agent used in acutely decompensated CHF resembling natriuretic peptide

Back 698

Nesiritide (Natrecor)

Hint 698

Drugs used to treat CHF

Front 699

Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant

Back 699

*Warfarin (PT)

Hint 699

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 700

Warfarin is contraindicated in

Back 700

Pregnancy

Hint 700

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 701

Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy

Back 701

Heparin

Hint 701

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 702

Heparin (PTT) increases activity of

Back 702

*Antithrombin 3

Hint 702

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 703

Route of administration of warfarin

Back 703

Oral

Hint 703

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 704

Routes of administration of heparin

Back 704

IM (only LMW) and IV

Hint 704

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 705

SE of both warfarin and heparin

Back 705

Bleeding

Hint 705

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 706

SE of heparin

Back 706

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Hint 706

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 707

Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops

Back 707

Lepirudin

Hint 707

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 708

Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin

Back 708

Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma

Hint 708

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 709

Antidote to reverse actions of heparin

Back 709

*Protamine sulfate

Hint 709

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 710

MOA of aspirin

Back 710

Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase

Hint 710

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 711

Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI

Back 711

Aspirin

Hint 711

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 712

SE of Aspirin

Back 712

*GI bleeding

Hint 712

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 713

Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin

Back 713

Ticlopidine

Hint 713

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 714

SE for ticlopidine

Back 714

Neutropenia and agranulocytosis

Hint 714

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 715

Effective in preventing TIA's

Back 715

Clopidogrel and ticlopidine

Hint 715

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 716

Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve

Back 716

Dipyridamole

Hint 716

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 717

Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking

Back 717

Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide

Hint 717

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 718

MOA of thrombolytics

Back 718

*Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered

Hint 718

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 719

Thrombolytics are used for

Back 719

*Pulmonary embolism and DVT

Hint 719

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 720

Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction

Back 720

Streptokinase

Hint 720

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 721

Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA

Back 721

Tissue plasmin activator

Hint 721

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 722

SE of tPA

Back 722

Cerebral hemorrhage

Hint 722

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 723

Antidote for thrombolytics

Back 723

Aminocaproic acid

Hint 723

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Front 724

Agent to treat hypochromic microcytic anemias

Back 724

Ferrous sulfate

Hint 724

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 725

Chelating agent used in acute iron toxicity

Back 725

Deferoxamine

Hint 725

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 726

Agent for pernicious anemia

Back 726

*Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)

Hint 726

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 727

Agent used for neurological deficits in megaloblastic anemia

Back 727

Vitamin B12

Hint 727

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 728

Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy

Back 728

*Folic acid

Hint 728

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 729

Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure

Back 729

*Erythropoietin

Hint 729

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 730

Agent used neutropenia especially after chemotherapy

Back 730

G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF (sargramostim)

Hint 730

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 731

Treatment of patients with prior episodes of thrombocytopenia after a cycle of cancer chemotherapy

Back 731

Interleukin 11 (oprelvekin)

Hint 731

agents used in anemias and hematopoietic growth factors

Front 732

Decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Back 732

Bile acid-binding resins

Hint 732

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 733

Cholestyramine and colestipol are

Back 733

Bile acid-binding resins

Hint 733

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 734

Major nutritional side effect of bile acid-binding resins

Back 734

Impair absorption of fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)

Hint 734

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 735

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in

Back 735

Pregnancy

Hint 735

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 736

Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect

Back 736

*Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4

Hint 736

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 737

SE of HMG COA reductase inhibitors

Back 737

Rhabdomyolysis and Hepatotoxicity

Hint 737

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 738

Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS

Back 738

*LFT's

Hint 738

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 739

Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis

Back 739

*Niacin

Hint 739

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 740

SE of niacin

Back 740

*Cutaneous flush

Hint 740

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 741

Cutaneous flush and be reduced by pretreatment with

Back 741

Aspirin

Hint 741

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 742

Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of

Back 742

*Lipoprotein lipase

Hint 742

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 743

Most common SE of fibrates

Back 743

Nausea

Hint 743

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 744

Fibrates are contraindicated in

Back 744

Pregnancy

Hint 744

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 745

Concurrent use of fibrates and statins increases risk of

Back 745

Rhabdomyolysis

Hint 745

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 746

New class of drugs that works by inhibiting absorption of intestinal cholesterol and can be given concurrently with the Statins

Back 746

Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Hint 746

Anti-hyperlipidemics

Front 747

MOA of NSAIDS

Back 747

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)

Hint 747

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 748

Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS

Back 748

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

Hint 748

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 749

Four main actions of NSAIDS

Back 749

Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity

Hint 749

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 750

Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Back 750

*Indomethacin

Hint 750

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 751

Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection

Back 751

Potential for development of Reye's syndrome

Hint 751

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 752

SE of salicylates

Back 752

Tinnitus, GI bleeding

Hint 752

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 753

NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation

Back 753

Diclofenac

Hint 753

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 754

NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically

Back 754

Ketoralac

Hint 754

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 755

NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity

Back 755

Ketoralac

Hint 755

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 756

Newer NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2

Back 756

Celecoxib and rofecoxib

Hint 756

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 757

COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of

Back 757

Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding

Hint 757

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 758

COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with

Back 758

Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease

Hint 758

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 759

Acetaminophen only has

Back 759

*Antipyretic and analgesic activity

Hint 759

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 760

SE of acetaminophen

Back 760

Hepatotoxicity

Hint 760

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 761

Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity

Back 761

*N-acetylcysteine

Hint 761

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 762

DMARDs are slow acting drugs for

Back 762

*Rheumatic disease

Hint 762

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 763

MOA of gold salts

Back 763

Alter activity of macrophages and suppress phagocytic activity of PMNs

Hint 763

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 764

SE of gold salts

Back 764

Dermatitis of the mouth aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis

Hint 764

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 765

Causes bone marrow suppression

Back 765

Methotrexate

Hint 765

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 766

SE of penicillamine

Back 766

Aplastic anemia and renal

Hint 766

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 767

Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes

Back 767

Hydroxychloroquine

Hint 767

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 768

Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 768

Hydroxychloroquine

Hint 768

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 769

SE of hydroxychloroquine

Back 769

Retinal destruction and dermatitis

Hint 769

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 770

MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)

Back 770

Inhibiting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis

Hint 770

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 771

Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Back 771

Infliximab and etanercept

Hint 771

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 772

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis

Back 772

Sulfasalazine

Hint 772

NSAIDS and DMARDS

Front 773

NSAIDS used in gout

Back 773

*Indomethacin and phenylbutazone

Hint 773

Drugs used in Gout

Front 774

NSAID contraindicated in gout

Back 774

Aspirin

Hint 774

Drugs used in Gout

Front 775

SE of phenylbutazone

Back 775

Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis

Hint 775

Drugs used in Gout

Front 776

MOA of Colchicine (used in acute gout)

Back 776

Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly

Hint 776

Drugs used in Gout

Front 777

SE of colchicine

Back 777

Kidney and liver toxicity

Hint 777

Drugs used in Gout

Front 778

Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion

Back 778

Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone

Hint 778

Drugs used in Gout

Front 779

Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting

Back 779

*Xanthine oxidase

Hint 779

Drugs used in Gout