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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do nicotinic ACh receptors differ from muscarinism of action?
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Nicotinic ACh receptors are ligand gated Na/K channels.
Muscarinic ACh receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that act through second messengers |
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What structures are injured in an unhappy triad knee injury
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damage to medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
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Which fungal infection fits teh following description?
*causes diaper rash *opportunistic mold with septate hyphae that branch at 45 degree angle *opportunistic mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae that branch at wide angles *dimorphic fungi common to SW US( San Joaquin Valley Fever) *causes thrush in immunocormpromised pts and vulvovaginitis in women |
diaper rash: candida albicans
mold at 45 angles: Aspirgillus Fumigatus non septate at 90 degree: Mucor and Rhizopus common to SW US: Coccidioidmycosis thrush and vulvovaginitis: Candida Albicans |
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What fungal infection fits the followin description?
*dimorphic with borad based budding yeast *cause pneumonia in AIDS --> start Bactrim prophylaxis when CD4 <200 *dimophic fungi commonin Miss and Oh river valleys *causes skin infectionin those pricked by a thorn *yeast know for causing meningitis in AIDS pts |
budding yeast: Blastomycosis
cause pneumonia in AIDS: Pneumocystis jiroveci fungi common to Miss and OH: Histoplasmosis infection by thorn: Sporothrix schenckii meningitis in AIDS: Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Why do the kidneys reatin fluid in heart failure pts?
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decrease in LV contractility -->decrease C.O --> increase RAA --> increase renal Na and water reabsorption
Also decreased C. O --> increase symp activity --> increase renal Na and water reabsorption |
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What is the antidote for t-PA or streptokinase overdose?
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Aminocaproic acid
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What is ankylosing spondylitis? What is the typical profile of this pt?
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Chronic inflammatory disease of spine and sacroiliac joints --> ankylosis (stiff spine due to fusion of joints), uveitis, and aortic regurg. More often in males
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Where would you expect ot find type I collagen? type II?
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type I: bone, skin, tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair
type II: cartilage, citrous body and nucleus pulposus |
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Describe how bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion?
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Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist thus inhibiting prolactin secretion.
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How do NSAIDs cause renal damage?
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cause acute renal failure by inhibiting the renal production of PGE which keep the afferent arterioles vasodilated to maintain GFR
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What is the underlying problem in the following jaundice causing diseases? What form of bilirubin is elevated in the serum in each disease?
*Gilbert's *Crigler-Najjar (type 1) *Dubin-Johsnon |
Gilbert's: mildly decrease UDP-glucoronyl transferase or decrease in bilibrubin uptake. Elevated unconjugate without overt hemolysis.
Crigler-Najjar : absent UDP-glucoronyl transferase. Increase unconjugated bilirubin Dubin-Johnson: conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to defective liver excretion |
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What is Lambert-Eaton syndrome? Which neoplasms can casue this.
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muscle weakness with antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ results in decrease ACh release leadin got proximal muscle weakness. Caused by Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
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Where are T cells found in the spleen? Where are B cells found?
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T:periarterial lymphatic sheath and in red pulp
B: in follicles within white pulp |
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What gives rise to jugular a, c, and v waves?
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a - atrial contraction
c - RV contraction (tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) v - increase atrial pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve |
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What are the Beta-1 selective Beta-blockers?
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Acebutolol
Betaxolol Esmolol (short acting) Atenolol Metoprolol |
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What embryologic buds give rise to the pancreas?
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derived from foregut. Ventral pancreatic bud becomes pancreatic head, uncinae process (lower half of head) and main pancreatic duct. Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes everything else
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What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?
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lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and are thus susceptible to oxidative damage
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In which population is Aztreonam a good choice? Against which organisms is this antibiotic effective?
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for PCN allergic pts and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides
Organism: G - rods (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia.) |
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By what mechanism is digoxin a positive inotrope?
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Direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase leads to indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchanger antiport. Increase CA --> positive inotrope
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What are some of the Si/Sym of Parkinson's?
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TRAP =
Tremor (at rest) Rigidity (cogwheel) Postural instability |
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Describe teh steps involved in the pupillary light reflex
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light in either retina sends a signal via CNII to pretectal nuclei in midbain that activate bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei; pupils contract bilatrally (consensual reflex)
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