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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the significance of CD95
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CD95 is Fas Ligand
Binds Fas which stimualtes apoptosis |
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Pyknosis
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condensation of chromatin
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Karyorrhexis
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Fragmentation of pyknotic chromatin
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karyolysis
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Nuclear fading
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Cell injury from free radicals due to:
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Lipid peroxidation
Protein modification DNA breakage |
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DM2 Amyloidosis:
Protein Derived from |
Amylin derived from AE
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
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Desmoplasia
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Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
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Neoplasia
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clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive
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Tumor Grade
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Degree of cellular differentiation
Usually based on degree of differentiation and number of mitoses |
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Benign vs. Malignant
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Benign: Well differentiated, slow growing, well demarcated, no mets
Malignant: Poorly differentiated, erratic growth, invasive, mets |
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Carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of epithelial origin
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Sarcoma
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Malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin
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Neoplasm associated w/ Albinism
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BCC, Melanoma, and esp Squamous cell carcinoma
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Neoplasm associated w/ Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
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Neoplasm associated w/ Paget's disease of the bone
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Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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Neoplasm associated w/ Acanthosis nigricans
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Visceral malignancy (lung, breast, stomach, uterus)
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Example of an oncogene
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ret
c-myc lower case |
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Example of a tumor suppressor gene
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Rb
p53 DPC NF1 all caps |
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S-100
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Tumor marker for melanoma, neural tumors (schwanomma), astrocytoma
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CA-125
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Ovarian tumors
Malignant epithelial tumors |
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Alkaline phosphatase tumor marker
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Metastasis to bone
Pagets disease of the bone Obstructive biliary disease |
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Tumer marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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CA-19-9
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Vinyl chloride toxin ingestion leads to...
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Liver (angiosarcoma)
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CCl4 ingestion leads to...
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Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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Cancer associated w/ cigarrette smoke
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Larynx (Squamous cell carcinoma)
Lung (Squamous cell & small cell) Renal (RCC) Bladder (transitional cell) |
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Arsenic is a toxin b/c it does what?
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Inhibits lipoic acid
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Cancer associated w/ arsenic
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Liver (angiosarcoma)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin |
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Aniline dyes assoicated w/ what kind of cancer?
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Transitional cell carcinoma of teh bladder
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Lambert-Eaton syndrome
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Associated w/ Thymoma and small cell lung carcinoma
Antibodies to presynaptic calcium channels at NMJ Proximal muscle weakness Sx improve w/ muscle use Spares extraocular muscles |
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Cancer that causes gout?
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Leukemia and lymphoma
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Psammoma bodies
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Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous papillary cystadeocarcinoma of ovary Mesothelioma Meningioma |
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Things that elevate ESR
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Infection
Inflammation (temporal arthritis) Cancer Preg Multiple myeloma SLE |
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Things that dec ESR
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Sickle cell anemia
Polycythemia CHF |
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Tumors that metastasize to brain
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lungs Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI |
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Tumors that metastasize to Liver
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
Colon cancer > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung |
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Most common met to bone
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Breast and prostate
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Nuclear chromatin clumping is associated with what kind of cellular injury?
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Reversible
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Dystrophic calcification
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Calcium deposition on damaged tissue
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alpha1-antitrypsin
Mutation Sx |
PiZZ genotype
Misfolded gene product cannot leave hepatocellular ER. Get PAS-positive globules in liver |
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Aplasia
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lack of embryonic development
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Process that happens to cells during menstruation
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Apoptosis
(atrophy is in menopause) |
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Characteristics of reversible cell injury
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Dec ATP synthesis
Cell swells Decrease glycogen Nuclear chromatin clumping Fatty change Ribosomal detachment Swelling of mitochondria |
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Characteristics of irreversible cell injury
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Plasma membrane damage
Influx of calcium --> activates caspases Cytochrome c release Mitochondrial permeability Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis |
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What are sirtuins and how do they work?
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Have histone deacetylase activity that promote transcription of genes encoding proteins that inc metabolic activity and inhibit effects of free radicals
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How do macrophages help promote healing?
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secrete cytokines that promote fibrosis and angiogenesis
FGF PDGF IL-1 TNF |
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Serous inflammation
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Inflammatory process of the mesothelial surface w/ an outpouring of fluid having little protein or cellular content
example would be a blister |
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Fibrinous inflammation
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Inflammation of a mesothelial surface with otupouring of protein rich fluid that results in precipitation of fibrin
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Importance of TGF-Beta in tissue repair
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Chemotaxis for macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
Simulate production of collagen by fibroblasts |
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Ability of liver to regenerate is dependant on what?
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Viability of the CT framework
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How do B + T cells enter lymph node
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Via paracortext
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In a CMI response to an infection, what part of lymph node gets enlarged?
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Paracortex
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T cell important for cell-mediated response
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Th1
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T cell imporant for humoral response
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Th2
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HLA associations w/ disease
A3 |
Hemochromatosis
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HLA associations w/ disease
B27 |
Psoriasis
Ankylosing Spondylitis IBD Reiters |
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HLA associations w/ disease
DR2 |
Goodpastuers
Hay fever MS SLE |
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HLA associations w/ disease
DR3 |
DM I
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HLA associations w/ disease
DR4 |
DMI
RA |
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Disease associated w/ HLA-DR5
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Pernicious anemia
Hashimotos |
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HLA associations w/ disease
DR7 |
Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome
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NK cell CD markers
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CD56
CD16 |
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Action of INFalpha and beta
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Increase activity of NK cells
Upregulate MHC I expression on virus-infected cells Stimulate development of Th1 cells **Inhibit viral replication** (stimulate production of a ribonuclease that degrades viral mRNA) |
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Examples of APCs
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B cells
Macrophages Dendritic cells |
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What is the costimulatory signal in Th activation?
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B7 binds CD28
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How cytotoxic T cells get activated
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1) TCR on Tc cell recognizes MHCI w/ endogenously synthesized protein (viral or self)
2) IL-2 from Th cell is 2nd signal to kill virus-infected cell |
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How B-cell class switchign works
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Signal 1: IL-4,-5,-6 from Th2 cell
Signal 2: CD40 receptor activation by binding CD40L on Th cell |
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Where does complement bind on an antibody?
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CH2 of the Fc fragment
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Thymus-independent antigen
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Lack peptide component (cannot be presented to T cells)
Stimulate release of IgM only No memory ie. LPS |
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IL-1
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Produced by macrophages
Induce chemokine production to recruit leukocytes Activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules pyrogen Activates osteoclasts |
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IL-2
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Secreted by Th cells.
Stimulates growth of Th and Tc cells |
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IL-3
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Secreted by activated T cells.
Stimulates growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells |
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IL-4
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Secreted by Th2 cells.
Stimulates production of Th2, class switching to IgE and IgG, promotes growth of B cells |
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IL-5
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Secreted by Th2 cells
Stimulates class switching to IgA Stimulates production and activation of eosinophils Promotes differention of B cells |
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IL-6
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Secreted by Th and macrophages
Stimulates class switching Stimulates production of Acute phase reactants and Igs |
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IL-8
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Secreted by macrophage.
chemotacting for neutorphisl |
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IL-10
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Secreted by regulatory T cells (IL-17)
Inhibits actions of actiavted T cells Activates Th2, inhibits Th1 |
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IL-12
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Secreted by B cells and macrophages.
Activates NK and Th1 cells |
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Receptor for EBV
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CD21
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Deficiency in C1 esterase inhibitor leads to
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Hereditary angioedema
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Deficiency in DAF leads to
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Cause and presentation of serum sickness
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Type III Hypersensitivity
Antibodies to foreign proteins form. Ab-Ag complex deposited on membranes where they fix complement, leading to tissue damage. Presents 5-10 days after drug is taken. Proteinuria, urticaria, fever, arthraligas, lymphadenopathy |
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Antimitochondrial autoantibodies
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Primary biliary cirrhosis
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Anti-desmoglein
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Anti-Jo-1
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Polymyositis
Dermatomyosisits |
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Autoantibody in polymyositis?
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Anti-Jo-1
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Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
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Autoimmune hepatitis
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c-ANCA
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Wergeners granulomatosis
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Anti-glutamate decarboxylase antibodies
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Type I DM
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Immune deficiency leading to disseminated mycobacterial infections.
What is the defect and what do the labs look like? |
IL-12 receptor deficiency
Decrease in INF-gamma due to decreased Th1 response |
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Hyper IgE syndrome
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Defect in Th production of INF-gamma
Leads to dec inhibition of Th2 --> inc IL-4, 5, 10 Also dec ability of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli FATED coarse Facies noninflamed staph Abscesses retained primary Teeth increased IgE Derm problems (Eczema) |
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Ataxia Telangiectasia
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B&T cell defect
Defect in DNA repair enzymes Triad: Cerebellar defects, spider angiomas, IgA deficiency |
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Wiskott-Aldrich
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X-linked recessive
Progressive deletion of B and T cells TIE Thrombocytopenic purpura Infections Eczema risk of malignant Lymphma Inc IgE and IgA Dec IgM |
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Hyper IgM syndrome
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B cell disorder
Cannot class switch due to defect of the CD40L on T cells get severe pyogenic infections early in life |
