Usmle - Pathology

Front 1

What is released from mitochondria during apoptosis?

Back 1

Cytochrome C

Front 2

What characteristics are found in reversible cell injury?

Back 2

Cellular swelling, nuclear chromatin clumping, decreased ATP synthesis, decreased glycogen, fatty change, and ribosomal detachment

Front 3

What characteristics are found in irreversible cell injury?

Back 3

Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, Ca2+ influx (caspase activation), plasma membrane damage, lysosomal rupture, and mitochondrial permeability

Front 4

What causes reperfusion injury?

Back 4

Damage by free radicals

Front 5

What mediates fluid exudation in inflammation?

Back 5

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin

Front 6

Which molecules recruit neutrophils to sites of injury or inflammation?

Back 6

C5a, IL-8, leukotriene B4, and Kallikrein

Front 7

What vitamin is very important for fibroblast emigration, proliferation, and deposition of ECM?

Back 7

Vitamin C

Front 8

What is acute inflammation mediated by?

Back 8

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody

Front 9

What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte rolling?

Back 9

Sialyl Lewis

Front 10

What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte rolling?

Back 10

E-selectin (endothelial), P-selectin (platelets)

Front 11

What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte tight binding?

Back 11

LFA-1 ("integrin"; CD18); defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I

Front 12

What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte tight binding?

Back 12

ICAM-1

Front 13

What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte diapedesis?

Back 13

PECAM-1

Front 14

What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte diapedesis?

Back 14

PECAM-1

Front 15

What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte migration?

Back 15

Bacterial products, IL-8, C5a, leukotriene B4, Kallikrein (think CILK)

Front 16

How do free radicals induce cell injury?

Back 16

Free radicals induce cell injury through membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and DNA breakage.

Front 17

What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes senile cardiac amyloidosis?

Back 17

The protein is transthyretin, and it is derived from AF.

ATTR fibril

Front 18

What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes diabetes melliitus type 2 amyloidosis?

Back 18

The protein is Amylin and it is derived from AE.

AIAPP fibril

Front 19

What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes medullary carcinoma of the thyroid amyloidosis?

Back 19

The protein is A-CAL and it is derived from calcitonin.

Front 20

What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes dialysis-induced amyloidosis?

Back 20

The protein is Beta2-microglobulin and it is derived from MHC class I proteins.

Front 21

Desmoplasia

Back 21

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.

Front 22

What does tumor grade describe?

Back 22

Degree of cellular differentiation

Front 23

What does tumor stage describe?

Back 23

Degree of localization/spread; spread of tumor in a specific patient.

Front 24

What types of cancer are associated with tuberous sclerosis?

Back 24

Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma

Front 25

What type of neoplasma does Sjogren's syndrome predispose you for?

Back 25

B cell lymphomas

Front 26

What type of neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?

Back 26

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)

Front 27

What type of neoplasm is associated with radiation exposure?

Back 27

Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer

Front 28

Abl oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 28

CML

Front 29

C-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 29

Burkitt's lymphoma

Front 30

Bcl-2 oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 30

Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas

Front 31

Erb-B2 oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 31

Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas

Front 32

K-ras oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 32

Colon carcinoma

Front 33

L-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 33

Lung tumor (esp small cell)

Front 34

N-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 34

Neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer

Front 35

Ret oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 35

MEN types IIa and IIb, medullary and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Front 36

C-kit oncogene is associated with what tumor?

Back 36

GI stromal tumor (GIST)

Front 37

p16 tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?

Back 37

Melanoma

Front 38

DPC tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?

Back 38

Pancreatic cancer

DPC = Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer

Front 39

DCC tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?

Back 39

Colon cancer

DCC = Deleted in Colon Cancer

Front 40

CEA tumor marker

Back 40

Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas. Mostly a GI tumor marker.

Front 41

CA-125 tumor marker

Back 41

Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors, any peritoneal irritation (not very specific)

Front 42

S-100 tumor marker

Back 42

Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas

Front 43

Bombesin tumor marker

Back 43

Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

Front 44

CA-19-9 tumor marker

Back 44

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Front 45

What type of cancer are aflatoxins associated with?

Back 45

Hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver

This toxin is produced by Aspergillus

Front 46

What type of cancer are naphthalene dyes associated with?

Back 46

Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

Front 47

What type of cancer are alkylating agents associated with?

Back 47

Blood (leukemia)

Front 48

What type of cancer is radon associated with?

Back 48

Lung cancer

Front 49

What type of cancer is arsenic associated with?

Back 49

Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), liver (angiosarcoma)

Front 50

What type of cancer is cigarette smoke associated with?

Back 50

Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinomas), kidney (renal cell carcinoma),

Front 51

What types of neoplasms can cause erythropoietin to be secreted, causing polycythemia?

Back 51

Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma

Front 52

What paraneoplastic effects can small cell lung cancer have?

Back 52

Cushing's syndrome, due to ACTH or ACTH-like peptide.

SIADH, due to ADH.

Lambert-Eaton syndrome, due to antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ.

Front 53

What paraneoplastic effects can leukemias or lymphomas have?

Back 53

Gout or urate nephropathy, due to hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (i.e. cytotoxic therapy)

Front 54

What types of neoplasms produce psammoma bodies?

Back 54

Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid, Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, and Malignant mesothelioma

PSaMMoma

Front 55

What causes a decrease in ESR?

Back 55

Sickle cell anemia, polycythemia, and CHF

Front 56

What are the most common sites of liver cancer to have originated from?

Back 56

Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung