Us History Post Civil War Pt2

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Progressivism

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is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century and is generally considered to be middle class and reformist in nature. It arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of corruption in American politics.

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Progressivism

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is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century and is generally considered to be middle class and reformist in nature. It arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of corruption in American politics.

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Triangle Shirt waist fire(1911)

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in Manhattan, New York City on March 25, 1911 was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers – 123 women and 23 men

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William James & pragmatism

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a Harvard psychologist who called the progressive questions of not whether it is true but if it works. Or a pragmatic approach

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John Dewey and progressive education

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he was the master educator during the progressive era and took a new approach to education instead of the mindless memorization that it was.

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Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

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appointed to the supreme court in 1902, he rejected the idea that the traditions of law were constant and universal. Law was a living organism to be interpreted according to the experiences and needs of a changing society.

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Lincoln Steffens

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a famous muckraker for mcclure magazine’s that was sent to uncover the crooked ties between buiness and politics. Most famous for his article “Tweed Days in St. Louis”

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Ida Tarbell

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a famouse muckraker responsible the expositive article called “ History Of Standard Oil”

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Brandeis Brief (Muller v Oregon)

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Laundry owner Curt Muller challenged a law that limited his workers to working 10 hours a day. Lawyer louis brandeis, wrote a brief that took a progressive approach to the law and defended oregon’s law. The supreme court upheld Oregon law in 1908.

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Margaret Sanger

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took a stand for women’s health and contraception, freeing many women from the bonds of chronic pregnancy. She founded the first family planing and birth control clinic in 1916 and was arrested 9 days later.

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19th amendment

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gave women the right to vote, was enacted in 1920.

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“Muckrakers”

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Coined by Theodore Roosevelt, an expositive style of journalism focused on political and economic corruption at the turn of the century.

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Anti-Saloon League (ASL)

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A massive publicity campaign in 1893 that targeted businesses that profited from the sale of liquor and relied heavily on professional witnesses like doctors, social workers, and eployeers to support their position on prohibition.

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Eugenics

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a new science that supported the idea that newcomers where biologically inferior and believed that heredity largely shaped human behavior and advocated selective breeding for human improvement. Was supported by some progressives like Margaret Sanger and Madison grant.

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“White Slavery” and the Mann Act (1910)

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this is refereing to poor white people that have to do terrible things because there is no other way to survive. For example, white women prostitution and how there were people actively enslaving these women to turn a profit. The Mann Act prohibited the interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes, and led to the ban of Red Light Districts in 1918.

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W.E.B Dubois

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(New York and Atlanta) he rejected the accommodation that Booker T Washington and the Atlanta Compromise and advocated black involvement in politics to bring about african american suffrage and immediate equality provided by the federal constitution. Developed a “talented tenth” leadership cadre.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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established by Dubois with the help of black and white reformers in 1909. it worked to extent the principles of tolerance and equal opportunity in a color-blind fashion by publicizing discrimination, mounting legal challenges to segregation and bigotry. By 1919 it was 90,000 members and 300 local branches.

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Jane Addams and Hull House

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was a pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. In 1889[19] Addams and her college friend and intimate partner Ellen Gates Starr[20] co-founded a settlement house, the Hull House, in Chicago, Illinois because she felt that reformes must be practical and arrise out of the needs of individuals in the community.

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John Muir

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scottish born naturalist and activist who cofounded the Sierra Club in 1892 with the purpose of preserving the wilderness in its natural state. he hoped to preserve nation parks like Yosemite national park and California's Hetch Hetchy Valley. His work was advanced by both Roosevelt and Taft.

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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

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stimulated by Upton Sinclairs novel, The Jungle. A law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines.

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Woodrow Wilson and the “New Freedom”

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he a progressive canidate chosen by the democrats and targeted Roosevelt's New Nationalism with New freedom. It rejected the economic consolidation that Rossevelt embrased. Big buisness was a sin no matter how big they are because they crowded out the compition. He felt that only by strictly limiting businesses could a free market be preserved and Americans be released from the control of the wealthy and powerful. He became president in 1912.

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Federal Reserve Act (1913)

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Created by Wilson, the new federal reserve system contained 12 regional banks scattered across the country and a federal reserve board in Washington to supervise the system. There could regulate credit and the money supply by setting intrest rates, by buying and selling government bonds, and issuing paper currency called federal reserve notes. Thus

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Civil Service Act of 1883 (Pendleton Act)

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created a bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive examinations for some federal jobs and eventually almost half by 1896.

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McKinley Tariff

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voted into action by congress in 1890, this raised tariff rates to new highs and contained a novel twist called reciprocity. To promote freer trade the president could lower rates if other countries did.

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Crime of 1873

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congress officially stopped coining silver which caused a steep economic slide as he supply of money was contracted. Some blame was put on bankers and a conspiracy to demonetize sliver.

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Bland-Allison Act

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in 1878 this act inaugurated a limited form of silver coinage to combat inflation.

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Election of 1884

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Also called the dirty election, this refers the presidential election between senator James Blaine, who was fighting off charges of corrupt dealings with the rail roads, and democratic Grover Cleveland who admitted to fathering an illegitimate child.

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People’s Party (Populists)

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founded in February of 1892, a mixed bag of 900 labors gather in St louis and founded this party for not only the farmers but all the “toilers” of the nation. The advocated returning the government to the hands of the plain people, the subtreasury plan, unlimited coinage of silver, expansion of the money supply, direct election of senators, and income tax; government owning the railroads, telegraph, and telephone. Along with other popular union demands.

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Farmer’s Alliance

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This was created to organize farmer in order to combat the oppressive share-cropping and crop lien systems that kept almost all of them in inescapable debt after reconstruction they also voted to combat big businesses like the railroads.

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“Ocala Demands” (1890)

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alliance members met in Ocala Florida to demand tha the government correct abuses by big corporations by reducing tariffs, abolishing national banks, regulating railroads, and coining silver money freely. Along with demanding federal income tax and the popular election of senators to make government more responsive to the public.

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Colored Farmer’s Alliance

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the souther alliance didn't allow any black member but they did encourage them to organize. It was founded by both blacks and whites texan in 1886, by 1891 they had over a quarter of a million farmers. They had to operate in secret or risk being targeted by white supremacy groups.

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Disenfranchisement

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The denial of a citizens right to vote. In 1890, Mississippi was the first to place a poll tax and literacy test in order to limit African American’s right to vote.

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Ida B. Wells

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A black women born into slavery who spoke out agains the parctice of lynching. She painstakingly documented the murders of african americans in the South. She eventuly helped to organize black women into the national association of colored women in 1896.

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Booker T. Washington & the “Atlanta Compromise”

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(Tuskegee, Alabama) he stressed the importance of excepting the framework of race relations and working with it. He advocated african american economic betterment through manual labor and accommodation to the racial caste system. In 1900 he organized the national negro business league.

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Depression of 1893

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caused by the boom-and-bust-cycle, unemployment was at an all time high at over 3 million. Women laborers jumped to 5.3 million, child labor rose by 160 percent especialy in th south. The worst depression the republic had seen yet. The government was unable to keep up, leading the new idea that public agencies had an obligation to help.

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Coxey’s Army

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led by 39 year old factory owner and populist Jacob Coxey, a group of 500 marched on the capitol on May 1st armed wiyh clubs of peace. They were met by 100 mounted police and the protest came to nothing toher than to signal a growing demand for federal action.

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William Jennings Bryan & the “Cross of Gold”

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a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

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was a United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact; it was most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (1890). The concept had an enormous influence in shaping the strategic thought of navies across the world, especially in the United States, Germany, Japan and Britain, ultimately causing a European naval arms race in the 1890s, which included the United States. His ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy Doctrine.

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Sinking of the Maine

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on February 15, 1898, the uss main exploded in havan harbor in cuba. It would later be deemed that it exploded due to spontaneous combustion, but at the time it was the catalyst for the spanish american war. “Remember the Maine”

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Teller Amendment

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this Amendment, granted by congress, gave president Mckinley authorization to use military force in order to force Spain to withdraw from Cuba and recognized Cuba's independence.

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Rough Riders

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led by Colonel Theador Resevelt, this calvarly troopcomprised mostly of voleteers, cowboys, and college polo players arrived in Cuba and helped conquer the spanish enemy.

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Spanish-American War

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The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine–American War.[9]

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

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was an agreement made in 1898 that resulted in the Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico, parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines (1899-1901) and led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897), and then in the Spanish-American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine-American War (1899-1901). He was captured by American forces in 1901, which brought an end to his presidency.

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“Open Door” policy

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was an approach to imperial involvement in china that didn’t effect other country’s sphere of influence but aloowed for free trade with all other nations.