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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jim Crow Laws
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legalized segregation in the south beginning in the 1890s
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Gospel of Wealth
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pamphlet put forth by Andrew Carnegie; he argued that a wealthy man ought to spend his fortune during his lifetime for the betterment of mankind (meaning everything from granting money to public libraries and foundations)
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Whiskey Ring
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a scandal during the Grant administration where treasury agents accepted bribes from distillers to not tax the whiskey that was produced by the distillers (the distillers wanted to avoid paying an excise tax); they still made a profit because they charged the same price to consumers
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Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
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divided the south into five military districts, each under the command of a general. The south was in martial law and civilian governments disappeared. This period marked the beginning of Congressional domination of the federal government for about the next 25 years.
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13th Amendment
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abolished slavery
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14th Amendment
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it defined citizenship and established the Due Process Clause
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15th Amendment
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it established who was eligible to vote; provided for African American voting
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Bourbon Redeemers
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white, native, southern, conservative democrats who assumed control of the state government after radical reconstruction
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Freedman’s Bureau Act
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It extended the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau one more year and stipulated that court cases involving African Americans to be tried in military courts
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Vertical Integration
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complete to control of all aspects of production. Ex: Standard oil looked for oil, pumped it, transported it, put it in barrels, and sold it to the consumer. Rockefeller and Carnegie
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Horatio Alger
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protestant minister who wrote a series of inspiration books aimed at young boys that encouraged upward mobility through hard work
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Railroad Land Grants
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a part of the Pacific Railroad Bill where RRs were given alternate sections of land on each side of the railroad. It was designed to encourage railroad expansion. Railroad companies could use the land anyway they wished.
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Knights of Labor
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the first national union that included both skilled and unskilled workers; it advocated equal pay for equal work (women should be paid the same as men for equal work); it met its demise as a result of the Haymarket Affair (a policeman was killed, someone threw a bomb); it encouraged the use of a boycott rather than a strike to achieve its goals; they got pinned for a riot that they didn’t start
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Samuel Gompers
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he was in charge of the AFL (it was the umbrella organization for other unions that consisted of skilled workers)
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Interstate Commerce Act
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it regulated competition to make sure everyone was playing under the same rules; specifically, its #1 target was the RRs to make sure they charged everyone the same rates; to make sure of it, they established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which was the first regulatory body outside government.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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it was designed to restore competition where it found monopolies; it gave the Department of Justice a way to break up monopolies into smaller competing components
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Pendleton Act
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it established the first federal civil service system where government appointments were based on merit (you had to take civil service tests). Its proponents said that it destroyed political machines because it did away with patronage to restore good government.
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Grantism
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synonymous with corruption
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Booker T. Washington
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he advocated “accommodation” which meant that African Americans should concentrate on establishing an economic base or learn a trade and stay out of politics, social justice, and Jim Crow laws.
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W. E. B. Dubois
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he was the father of the modern civil rights movement; he was one of the founders of the NAACP
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Marcus Hanna
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he was the first national campaign manager for McKinley; he was McKinley’s back man running around collecting money for the campaign
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Granger Laws
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they were a series of laws that were passed in five Midwestern states where the grange controlled the legislatures; they regulated RR rates (they were active in the 1870’s) and they passed laws regulating the middleman (storage fees); they violated the Due Process Clause
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Freedmen's Bureau
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Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning.
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Black Codes
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Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to combat the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment and set up military governments in southern states that refused to ratify the amendment.
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Thaddeus Stevens
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he wanted harsh punishment for the south; he believed the south seceded; he was the leader of the radical republicans, they worked for abolishment of slavery, and believed in racial equality.
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Radical Republicans
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Senators and congressmen who, strictly identifying the Civil War with the abolitionist cause, sought swift emancipation of the slaves, punishment of the rebels, and tight controls over the former Confederate states after the war.
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Civil Rights Bill
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Along with the 14th Amendment, guaranteed the rights of citizenship to freedmen. President Andrew Johnson vetoed the bill, stating that blacks were not qualified for US citizenship, and that the bill would "operate in favor of the colored and against the white race."
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Carpetbaggers
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Northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South.
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Scalawags
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Souther white Republicans--some former Unionists--who served in Reconstruction governments.
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Ku Klux Klan
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Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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U.S. Supreme Cort decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.
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James B. Duke
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Founded the American Tobacco Company; Bull Durham was his cigarette product; he believed in social Darwinism, manufactured chewing tobacco, and founded a machine that made cigarettes.
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Pacific Railway Bill
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consisted of 30 year bonds where buyers get 6% interest. The proceeds were divided between the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads. Loans: $16,000 for every mile in flat land, $32,000 for hilly land and $48,000 for track built on the Rocky Mountains.
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John D. Rockefeller
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Founder of the Standard Oil Company and the concept of vertical integration; by 1910, Standard Oil controlled 90% of the market
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Trust
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Companies combined to control competition; formation of monopolies
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Andrew Carnegie
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Founded the Carnegie Steel Company; wrote the "Gospel of Wealth" and he devoted himself to dispensing his fortune for the public good
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J. P. Morgan
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Investment capitalism; banker for the capitalists, he put together mergers and acquisitions
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Haymarket Affair
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Riot during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886, over violence during the McCormick Harvester Company strike; the deaths of eleven, including seven policemen, helped hasten the demise of the Knights of Labor, even though they were not responsible for the riot.
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Homestead Strike
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Violent strike at the Carnegie Steel Company near Pittsburgh in 1892 that culminated in the disintegration of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, the first steel workers' union.
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Pullman Strike
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Strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company in the company town of Pullman, Illinois, on May 11, 1894 by the American Railway Union under Eugene V. Debs; the strike was crushed by court injunctions and federal troops two months later.
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Credit Mobilier
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Millions of dollars in overcharges for building the Union Pacific Railroad were exposed; high officials of the Ulysses S. Grant administration were implicated but never charged.
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Tammany Hall
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It was the key to control NYC; democratic political system in NYC; whoever controlled Tammany Hall controlled the politics of NYC; it was the top of the pyramid; it was divided into districts, wards, precincts, and blocks.
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Gilded Age
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Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner's 1873 novel, the title of which became the popular name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century; it was a false gold like substance that's painted gold, it refers to the post civil war corruption.
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Homestead Act
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Authorized Congress to grant 160 acres of public land to a western settler, who had only to live on the land for five years to establish title.
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Free and Unlimited Coinage of Silver
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Government was obligated to turn all the silver into coins; it was a very simple solution, that if they increase the money supply, then there would be more dollars chasing the same amount of goods, which caused inflation.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Nebraska senator, democrat and populist presidential candidate in the election of 1896; supports silver; he had the first modern campaign with speeches across the country
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William McKinley
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Republican, Ohio governor, and presidential candidate of 1896; opposes silver, and had the first campaign manager; he was rich and treated workers fairly.
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