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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bering Land Bridge |
Most Americans before Europeans came descended from bands of hunters and fishers who had crossed the Bering Strait via a land bridge at various times between 15,000 and 60,000 years ago. |
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Columbian Exchange |
The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade (including African/American slave trade) after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. The contact between the two areas circulated a wide variety of new crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres. Explorers returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century. Similarly, Europeans introduced manioc and peanut to tropical Asia and West Africa, where they flourished and supported growth in populations on soils that otherwise would not produce large yields. |
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Reconquista |
In 1492, King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella completed the "reconquest" of Spain from the Moors, African Muslims who had occupied part of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries. With Spain's territory united, Spain was anxious to circumvent the Muslim stranglehold on eastern trade. |
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Half-Way Covenant |
Created in 1662, it tried to address the problem of falling enrollment in the Puritan churches by allowing for the baptism of and a kind of "half-way" membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration. Afterwards, church membership continued to stagnate. |
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John Winthrop |
Massachusetts governor and Puritan leader who described the 2 kinds of liberty: "natural" liberty, or acting without restraint, and "moral" liberty, "a liberty to that only which is good." True freedom depended on a "subjection to authority." Also felt that uncultivated land could simply be taken. |
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"Headrights," or the headright system |
The Virginia Company's policy awarding fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another's passages, allowing anyone who brought a sizable number of servants to immediately acquire a large estate. |
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House of Burgesses |
In Virginia, in place of the governor's militaristic regime, a "charter of grants and liberties" was issued, including the establishment of a House of Burgesses. When it convened in 1619, it became the first elected assembly in colonial America. |
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Anne Hutchinson |
A midwife and daughter of a clergyman who began holding meetings in her home to discuss religious issues. In her view, salvation was God's direct gift to the elect and could not be earned through human efforts, a common Puritan belief. What set her apart was her charge that nearly all ministers in Mass. were guilty of faulty preaching for distinguishing "saints" from the damned based on their behavior. |
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Trial of Anne Hutchinson |
Critics denounced her for Antinomianism (putting one's own judgement or faith above human law and the teachings of the church). She was tried in 1637 for sedition (expressing opinions dangerous to authority). When she said God spoke to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible, they banished her and a number of her followers from Massachusettes. |
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Errand into the Wilderness |
The Puritans view that their exodus to America could lead to a reformation of Christianity by their setting up a model of God's kingdom in America. |
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"Great Migration" |
Charted in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Company was founded by a group of London merchants who hoped to further the Puritan cause and turn a profit through trade with Indians. The first 5 ships sailed from England in 1629, and by 1642 some 21,000 Puritans had emigrated. Migration virtually ceased in 1640, but the Great Migration had established the basis for a stable and thriving society. |
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Plymouth Colony |
An area settled by a group of separatists known as Pilgrims. They'd already fled to the Netherlands in 1608, but then headed for America in 1620. They were aiming for Virginia, but landed on Cape Cod at a recently abandoned Indian village. Because they came without food and arrived 6 weeks before winter, half died during the first winter. Plymouth survived as an independent colony until 1691, but was soon overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay to the north. |
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Massachusetts Bay Colony |
A strongly Puritan colony began in 1628 that reached over 20,000 people after the Great Migration. Although its governors were elected, the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the church. |
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Massachusetts Bay Colony and the native population |
Although the colonists initially had decent relationships with the local native populations, frictions arose over cultural differences, which were further exacerbated by Dutch colonial expansion. These led first to the Pequot War (1636–1638), and then to King Philip's War (1675–1678), after which most of the natives in southern New England had been pacified, killed, or driven away. |
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Non-Separating Puritans |
Most Puritans were "non-separating Puritans", meaning they did not advocate setting up separate congregations distinct from the Church of England. |
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Visible Saints |
Though anyone could worship at a church, to be a full member required the demonstration that one had experienced divine grace and could be considered a "visible saint," usually by testifying about a conversion experience. Voting in colony-wide elections was limited to men who had been accepted as full church members. |
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Stamp Act |
1765. The first time Parliament attempted to raise money from direct taxes in the colonies (an attempt to pay down Britains war debt after the Seven Years' War. Many colonists considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent. Due to protests and intimidation, the tax was never effectively collected. |
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Separating Puritans |
A small minority of Puritans were "separating Puritans" who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church. One Separatist group, the Pilgrims, established the Plymouth Colony in 1620. |
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Roanoke |
5 ships with some 100 colonists set up a base on Roanoke Island (off the North Carolina coast) in 1585 at the request of Sir Walter Raleigh. The abandoned the venture and returned to England a year later. A second group of 100 settlers, this time composed of families, left later that year to create a permanent colony. When a ship with supplies arrived in 1590, the colony was found abandoned. |
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John White |
An English artist who spent a year on the Outer Banks of North Carolina in 1585 as part of an expedition sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh. |
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"Great Awakening" |
A religious revival that tried to create a more emotional and personal version of Christianity in the face of Enlightenment rationalism and a lack of religious engagement. |
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Jonathon Edwards |
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: sinful man is a "loathsome insect" suspended over a bottomless pit of eternal fire by a slender thread that might break at any moment. Only a "new birth," immediately acknowledging one's sins and pleading for divine grace, could save men from eternal damnation. |
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New York/Jacob Leisler |
A rebel militia captain who established a Committee of Safety and took control of New York. Though it was not Liesler's intention, he divided the colony along ethnic and economic lines. Members of the Dutch majority reclaimed local power after decades of English rule while bands of rebels ransacked the homes of the wealthy. William refused to recognize Leisler's authority, sent a new governor, had Leisler's followers imprisoned and had Liesler himself executed. The rivalry between pro and anti-Liesler parties polarized NY politics for generations. |
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Fort Orange |
Fort Orange was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland. |
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New Amsterdam |
A 17th century Dutch settlement at the southern tip of Manhattan Island. It was later renamed New York after English forces seized control of the Island. The area attracted a very diverse population, with at least 18 languages said to be spoken as early as the 1630s. |
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New France |
The area colonized by France in North America beginning in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain at the Treaty of Paris, ending the Seven Years' War/the French and Indian War. |
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John Elliot |
A Puritan missionary to the American Indians. Translated the Bible into the Massachusett language. Also wrote The Christian Commonwealth: or, The Civil Policy of the Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ, considered the first book on politics written by an American as well as the first book to be banned by a North American governmental unit that called for an elected theocracy in England and throughout the world. |
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Witchcraft trials |
A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Mass., in 1692 that resulted from anxiety over witchcraft. |
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Roger Williams |
Believed that church and state should be separate to strengthen the church, that government corrupted the purity of Christian faith and drew believers into endless religious wars like those in Europe. Additionally rejected the conviction that Puritans were an elect people on a divine mission to spread "true faith," believed that God had not singled out any group as special favorites. |
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Declension |
Declension was the decline of the Puritan experiment in Massachusetts Bay. It began in the 1660s and was marked by the loss of religious intensity. It was manifested in the adoption of the Half-Way Covenant in 1662. |
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Predestination |
Calvin also taught that God, in his infinite mercy, would spare a small number of “elect” individuals from the fate of eternal hellfire that all mankind, owing to their corrupt natures, justly deserved. That elect group of “saints” would be blessed, at some point in their lives, by a profound sense of inner assurance that they possessed God’s “saving grace.” This dawning of hope was the experience of conversion, which might come upon individuals suddenly or gradually, in their earliest youth or even in the moments before death. It is important to emphasize to students that, in the Calvinist scheme, God decided who would be saved or damned before the beginning of history—and that this decision would not be affected by how human beings behaved during their lives. |
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John Calvin |
A French-born Swiss theologian. Preacher on predestination. |
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Tobacco/rice/indigo |
Essential plantation crops. |
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Nathaniel Bacon |
Nathaniel Bacon was a colonist of the Virginia Colony, famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676, which collapsed when Bacon himself died from dysentery. Led a campaign in protest against the Governor of Virginia's "protected and darling Indians" and burned Jamestown to the ground, becoming the ruler of Virginia. Order was restored after the arrival of a squadron of warships from England. |
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Tidewater Gentry |
Wealthy Viriginia aristocrats who made their money cultivating tobacco on plantations. |
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Slavery |
a |
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Indentured Servants |
a |
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"Seasoning Time" |
a |
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John Smith |
a |
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Jamestown |
a |
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Chesapeake Region |
a |
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Protestant Reformation |
a |
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French & Indian War |
a |
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Quakers |
a |
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paleo-Indians |
a |
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William Penn |
a |
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Patronato real |
a |
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Usufruct |
a |
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Both Aztec and Inca empires were... |
Large, wealthy, and sophisticated. |
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The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century... |
developed techniques to farm in desert climates. |
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Coverture |
A woman's surrendering her legal identity when she marries. |
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Townshend Acts |
1767 - |
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Boston Massacre |
a |
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Boston Tea Party |
a |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
a |
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Treaty of Paris, 1763 |
Ended the Seven Years' War. Limited the colonists ability to take land from the Indians and left them with a lot of war debt. |
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War of 1812 |
In 1812, with assaults on American shipping continuing, James Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war. First time US declared war on anyone. vs. Britain and the Native Americans, of course. Americans tried to take Canada, didn't work. British captured DC and burned the White House. |
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French & Indian War |
a |
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Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union |
a |
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Pontiac’s Rebellion |
a |
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Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts |
1774 - The Mass. Government Act: Curtailed self-government in Mass. The Quartering Act: Forced colonists to house British soldiers when ordered to. The Quebec Act: Expanded Quebecian border and granted religious toleration which made peeps hella mad cuz they were all kinds of Catholic. |
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Tom Paine, Common Sense |
a |
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Paris Treaty, 1783 |
a |
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French Alliance |
a |
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Shays’s Rebellion |
1786 & 1787 where farmers rose up and closed the courts to prevent the foreclosure of their farms. Massachusettes. Named after Revolutionary War veteran. Was quelled by state militia. |
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Bill of Rights |
a |
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Federalists/Anti-Federalists |
An argument people are still having today. |
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Judiciary Act, 1789 |
a |
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Pinckney’s Treaty |
Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo, a 1795 agreement between the US and Spain that guaranteed access to the port of New Orleans, a port essential to western farmers. |
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Jay’s Treaty |
Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debs, shipping claims) would be settled by commission. |
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First Party System |
a |
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Liberty vs. Power |
a |
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Loyalists |
a |
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Thomas Hutchinson |
a |
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Lexington & Concord |
a |
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Fort Ticonderoga |
a |
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Continental Army |
a |
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“Rage Militaire” |
a |
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Saratoga |
Major defeat for British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000 British troops at Saratoga, New York on October 17, 1777. |
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George Washington |
a |
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Newburgh Conspiracy |
a |
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Articles of Confederation |
Only lasted 10 years. "League of friendship." 1 house with reps for each state. Any decision required a super majority. Could only declare war, make treaties, conduct foreign affairs. Could coin money, but couldn't collect taxes. Deliberately weak. It won the war, developed the Northwest Ordinance. |
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Northwest Ordinance |
1787 - Created 5 new states between Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Outlawed slavery in the 5 new states. |
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Annapolis Convention |
1786 - Aimed at better regulating international trade. Only 6 states sent delegates. Agreed to meet a year later in Philly to revise the Articles of Confederation. |
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Constitutional Convention |
1787 - Met to make tweaks to articles, but ended up throwing them out and drafting the constitution. |
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Alexander Hamilton |
Huge supporter of strong government. |
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Thomas Jefferson |
Republican. Less government, less taxes. Made Louisiana Purchase. |
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Aaron Burr |
Jefferson's running mate whom he tied with in electoral votes during a time when 2nd place would become the VP. 4 years later, Burr would kill Hamilton, who tipped the election to Jefferson after 35 rounds of voting, in a dual. |
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Citizen Genet |
a |
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Quasi-War with France |
a |
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Alien & Sedition Acts |
a |
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
a |
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Whiskey Rebellion |
1794 - Broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers tried to block collection of new tax on distilled spirits. The "rebels" invoked the symbols of 1776 (such as "Liberty or Death"). Washington dispatched 13,000 militiamen and he accompanied them part way to the scene, the only time that a president has actually commanded an army in the field. |
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Bank of the U.S. |
a |
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Embargo Act, 1808 |
After the Royal Navy had seized more than 6,000 American sailors via impressment, Jefferson enacted a ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports. In 1808, exports plummeted by 80% and, being with France and Britain "locked in a death struggle, they didn't take much notice. The Embargo ended up devestating the economies of American ports. |
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Louisiana Purchase |
a |
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Lewis & Clark |
a |
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John Marshall |
a |
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“War Hawks” |
People all for war before the War of 1812. |
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Hartford Convention |
The last push by the Federalist party before it died. 1815 - Tried to change constitution. Wanted to eliminate 3/5 clause and require 2/3 majority to declare war. |
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Battle of New Orleans |
Most notable victory of the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson lost 71 men whilst inflicting 2036 British casualties. Took place 2 weeks after the peace treaty ended the war was signed. |
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Treaty of Ghent |
Ended the War of 1812. No territory changed hands. Return to status quo. :P No real victor. Indians totes lost. |
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Stamp Act Congress |
First major coordinated action where the colonies all worked together. Decided to boycott British goods. |
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Declaratory Act |
England being all "we can tax you if we want to, but we don't right now whatever." |
