Us History Exam 1

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Columbian Exchange

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The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus’s voyages in 1492.

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Black Legend

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Black Legend Idea that the Spanish New World empire was more oppressive toward the Indians than other European empires; was used as a justification for English imperial expansion.

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Virginia Company

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A joint-stock enterprise that King James I chartered in 1606. The company was to spread Christianity in the New World as well as find ways to make a profit in it.

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Roanoke colony

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English expedition of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World; the colony disappeared from Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks sometime between 1587 and 1590.

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A Discourse Concerning Western Planting

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In A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, written in 1584 at the request of Sir Walter Raleigh, the Protestant minister and scholar Richard Hakluyt listed twenty-three reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies. Among them was the idea that English settlements would strike a blow against Spain’s empire and therefore form part of a divine mission to rescue the New World and its inhabitants from the influence of Catholicism and tyranny.

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Indentured servant

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Settlers who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

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Headright system

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A land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for any accompanying servants. The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists—and was also adopted in other colonies

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Puritans

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English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.

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Pilgrims

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Puritan separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.

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The Sovereignty and Goodness of God

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To counteract the attraction of Indian life, the leaders of New England also encouraged the publication of captivity narratives by those captured by Indians. The most popular was The Sovereignty and Goodness of God by Mary Rowlandson, who had emigrated with her parents as a child in 1639 and was seized along with a group of other settlers and held for three months until ransomed during an Indian war in the 1670s. Rowlandson acknowledged that she had been well treated and suffered “not the least abuse or unchastity,” but her book’s overriding theme was her determination to return to Christian society

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King Philip's War

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A multiyear conflict that began in 1675 with an Indian uprising against white colonists. Its end result was broadened freedoms for white New

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Mayflower Compact

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Document signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth; the document committed the group to majority rule government.

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Half-Way Covenant

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A 1662 religious compromise that allowed baptism and partial church membership to colonial New Englanders whose parents were not among the Puritan elect.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley’s administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

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King Philip’s War

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A multiyear conflict that began in 1675 with an Indian uprising against white colonists. Its end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region’s Indians.

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Walking Purchase

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Walking Purchase An infamous 1737 purchase of Indian land in which Pennsylvanian colonists tricked the Lenni Lanape Indians. The Lanape agreed to cede land equivalent to the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours, but the colonists marked out an area using a team of runners.

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Navigation Acts

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passed the first Navigation Act, which sought to challenge the Dutch hold on international commerce by confining colonial trade to English ships and ports. Thus, by the middle of the seventeenth century, several English

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Glorious Revolution-

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A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II.

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Stono Rebellion

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A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

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Republicanism

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political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

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Liberalism

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Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

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Two Treatises of Government

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The leading philosopher of liberty was John Locke, whose Two Treatises of Government, written around 1680, had limited influence in his own lifetime but became extremely well known in the next century. Government, he wrote, was formed by a mutual agreement among equals (the parties being male heads of households, not all persons). In this “social contract,” men surrendered a part of their right to govern themselves in order to enjoy the benefits of the rule of law. They retained, however, their natural rights, whose existence predated the establishment of political authority. Protecting the security of life, liberty, and property required shielding a realm of private life and personal concerns

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''Salutary neglect''

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Informal British policy during the first half of the eighteenth century that allowed the American colonies considerable freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience

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Albany Plan of Union

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A failed 1754 proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian War, urging the unification of the colonies under one crown-appointed president.

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Pontiac’s Rebellion

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Pontiac’s Rebellion was a Native American uprising against the British just after the close of the French and Indian Wars, so called after one of its leaders, Pontiac.

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Stamp Act

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Parliament’s 1765 requirement that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response, and the act was repealed the following year

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Virtual representation'

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The idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in Parliament, were “virtually” represented by all members of Parliament.

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Writs of assistance

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One of the colonies’ main complaints against Britain; the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.

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Sons of Liberty

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Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act.

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Regulators

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Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies.

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Lord Dunmore's proclamation

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A proclamation issued in 1775 by the earl of Dunmore, the British governor of Virginia, that offered freedom to any slave who fought for the king against the rebelling colonists

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Common Sense

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A pamphlet anonymously written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 that attacked the English principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government.

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''American exceptionalism''

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The belief that the United States has a special mission to serve as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world.

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The American Crisis

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Shortly before crossing the Delaware River to attack the Hessians, Washington had Thomas Paine’s inspiring essay The American Crisis read to his troops. “These are the times that try men’s souls,” Paine wrote. “The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”

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thoughts on Government

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John Adams in 1776 published Thoughts on Government, which insisted that the new constitutions should create balanced governments whose structure would reflect the division of society between the wealthy (represented in the upper house) and ordinary men (who would control the lower). A powerful governor and judiciary would ensure that neither class infringed on the liberty of the other

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Republic

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Representative political system in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens’ behalf.

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Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

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A Virginia law, drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and enacted in 1786, that guarantees freedom of, and from, religion.

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The Wealth of Nations

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The 1776 work by economist Adam Smith that argued that the “invisible hand” of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention

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Loyalists

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Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the War of Independence.

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Republican Motherhood

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The ideology that emerged as a result of American independence where women played an indispensable role by training future citizens.