Us History Exam 1

Front 1

Colombian Exchange

Back 1

Transfer of biological & social elements (plants, people, animals, diseases, cultures) among Europe, the Americas, & Africa during Christopher Columbus's voyages to "New World"; first European contacts with Western Hemisphere started this

Front 2

Protestant Reformation

Back 2

16th cent. religious movement initiated by Martin Luther (German monk whose public criticism of corruption in Roman Catholic Church Gaines a wide following & led to Protestant Reformation)

Front 3

Aztec Empire

Back 3

Connected by network of roads serving 371 city-states organizes into 38 provinces; Mesoamerican people who were conquered by the Spanish under Hernandez Cortes, 1519-1528

Front 4

King Phillip's War (Metacomet's War)

Back 4

Bloody, 3 yr War in New England (1675-78) resulting from escalation of tensions between Indian & English settlers; Indian defeat led to more freedom & land

Front 5

The Great Awakening

Back 5

Series of religious revivals; Religious revival moment that swept 13 colonies from 1720s to 1740s

Front 6

Enlightenment

Back 6

Breakthrough in understanding human society & natural world; Revolution, beginning in Europe, emphasizing reason & science over authority & myths of traditional religion

Front 7

French & Indian War (7 Years War)

Back 7

Last (& most important) of 4 colonial wars fought between England & France for control of North America

Front 8

Thomas Paine

Back 8

Writer of Common Sense

Front 9

Middle Passage

Back 9

Hellish/deadly middle leg of "Triangular Trade"; some 12 millions Africans died on route

Front 10

Middle Passage

Back 10

Hellish/deadly middle leg of "Triangular Trade"; some 12 millions Africans died on route

Front 11

Joint-Stock Companies

Back 11

Businesses owned by investors, who purchase shares of companies' stocks & share all profits & losses

Front 12

Puritans

Back 12

English religious dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of England of its Catholic practices

Front 13

Albany Plan of Union

Back 13

Called for 11 colonies to band together; approved in June 19-July 11, 1754; Failed proposal by 7 northern colonies in anticipation of French & Indian War, urging unification of colonies under one Crowned appointed president

Front 14

Boston Massacre

Back 14

Violent confrontation between British soldiers & a Boston mob on March 5, 1770; 5 colonists killed

Front 15

Battle of Yorktown

Back 15

Began Sep. 28; Last major battle of Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 17, 1781

Front 16

Valley Forge

Back 16

American military encampment near Philadelphia, where 3,600+ soldiers deserted/dies from cold & hunger in winter of 1777-78