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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two common congenital renal malformations ? |
1. Renal agenesis/solitary horse shoe kidney 2. Polycystic kidney disease |
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Pathology of adult polycystic kidney disease |
-autsomal dominant -numerous cysts -markedly enlarged -mutations in polycyctic genes (majority caused by mutations in polycystic 1) |
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Acute Renal failure |
Pre-renal - shock or heart failure Renal - glomerular or tubular disease Post-renal - urinary obstruction |
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What is the difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome? |
Nephrotic - edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria Nephritic - hypertension, hematuria, main damage to capillary, inflammation |
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Nephrotic Syndrome |
- loss of protein in the urine Most common types: -minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) -focal segmental glomerulosclerosis -membranous nephropathy (thicker membranes) |
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Lipoid Nephrosis |
-cytokine mediated -common in children -fusion of foot processes of podocytes ---> responds to steroids |
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Membranous Nephropathy |
-diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membrane -common in adults, no inflammation -proteinuria |
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Nephritic syndrome |
Types: acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis crescentic glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis |
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Acute Glomerulonephritis |
-immune mediated inflammation (after strep throat) -anti-strep antibodies are formed --> taped in glomerular basement membrane --> complexes activate the complement --> attract inflammatory cells to glomerulus -glomeruli are hypercellular(incr. infl. cells in capillary lumen) |
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Acute Glomerulonephritis |
Clinical -damaged basement membranes 'leak' -decreased blood flow and retention of sodium --> hypertension (b/c loss or proteins/blood cells) -loss of albumin = edema short lived illness, most recover |
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Crescentic glomerulonephritis |
-exudate in the glomerular space -antibodies to basement membrane collagen -epithelial crescents compress the capillary loops ---> decr. blood flow --> glomerular filtration --> anuria -recovery is rare |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Disease of: glomerulus, arteries/arterioles, interstitium |
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Diabetes Mellitus - Glomerulus |
-Thickened basement membrane --> proteinuria |
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Diabetes Mellitus - Arteries/arterioles |
-Thickening of vessel walls --> narrowed lumen --> ischemia/tubular atrophy |
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Pylonephritis |
-bacterial infection acute: may have abscesses, pus fills renal pelvis chronic: destruction of renal pernchyma, scarring spread by: blood up from urethra and bladder (ascending - most common) |
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Renal Cell Carcinoma |
-kidney cancer Pathology: nodule/masses sharply demarcated from normal parenchyma , filled with lipid invades renal vein Clinical: flank pain, hematuria, abdominal mass |
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Wilm's Tumor |
-nephroblastoma pathology: renal mass replaces the kidney Clinical: highly malignant |
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Renal Stones |
Nephrolithiasis 4 groups of stones: -calcium -struvite -uric acid -cystines |
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Calcium Renal Stones |
-majority of stones
-associated with abnormal calcium metabolism |
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Struvite Stones |
Complication of infection (bacteria break down urea) |
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Uric Acid Stones |
half of patients have gout |
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Cystine Stones |
Rare condition of cystinosis |
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Pathology and Clinical features of Renal stones |
-renal pelvis -urinary bladder -males have more often -hematuria, renal colic -chronic infections (urinary tract) |
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Cystitis |
Infection of bladder |
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Prostatic Hypertrophy |
Enlargement of prostate Pathogenesis: -exacerbated by estrogen -nodular, compress peripheral portions into fibrous capsule -hyperplastic glands surrounded by fibro-muscular stroma |
