Urinary System Part 2

Front 1

over _____ % of fluid entering tubules must be reabsorbed, most of which takes place at the _____ tubule

Back 1

99, proximal

Front 2

Fluid reabsorption rates change to maintain

Back 2

homeostasis

Front 3

Most solutes move into and out of ______ cells (_________ or ______transport), some others move through junctions between cells (______ transport)

Back 3

epithelial, transcellular or epithelial, paracellular

Front 4

Back 4

Front 5

Most reabsorption happens in the ____ tubule? Why?

Back 5

proximal, valuable nutrients spending more time in the blood, is more time they can be used.

Front 6

Transcellular transport is from point A to point B across the cell membrane, facilitated by _________

Back 6

carrier proteins

Front 7

Saturation involving glucose, what happens?

Back 7

Only a certain # of Na+ transporters to carry glucose. Loser of musical chairs game ends up in the toilet

Front 8

Metaphors for Na+ bringing glucose through with co-transport.

Back 8

Glucose brought through as if being carried by a vortex tornado, and the eye of the storm is the ATP that brings Na+ from the cell to the blood.

When being brought into the cell from the urine, it acts like a Na+ gated glucose channel, where Na+ sits on it. Like letting him into his gated community, he will not enter until glucose enters, making sure he makes it in.

He is a hitch hiker.

Front 9

Maximum rate of transport that occurs when all carriers are occupied by substrate is :

Back 9

Saturation

Front 10

Often the substance will appear in the urine at this concentration :

Back 10

the conc. of renal threshold

Front 11

________ of glucose is proportional to the plasma concentration, until the transport maximum is reached.

Back 11

Reabsorption

Front 12

Glucose _______ is zero until the renal threshold is reached.

Back 12

Excretion

Front 13

________ of glucose is proportional to the plasma concentration and therefore, does not saturate.

Back 13

Filtration

Front 14

In addition to specific transporters, reabsorption is favored in _______ capillaries because of capillary pressures ( ____ hydrostatic P)

Back 14

peritubular, lower

Front 15

Because the body holds it in such high importance ______ there are a great # of transporters for it, the only people who can have ________ are people with ________

Back 15

glucose, saturation, diabetes

Front 16

_______ is the transfer of molecules from extracellular fluid into the lumen of the nephron.

Back 16

Secretion (want to get rid of things)

Front 17

Secretion is passive/active process?

Back 17

active

Front 18

Transporters responsible for organic solute excretion are called ___________

Back 18

organic anion transporters (OATs)

Front 19

OAT is ______ active transport and goes from ______ to ______

Back 19

tertiary, blood to urine

Front 20

OAT tertiary active transport

Back 20

1. Direct active Transport. The Na+, K+, ATPase keeps intracellular [Na+] low.

2. Secondary indirect active Transport. The Na+ dicarboxylate co-transporter (NaDC) concentrates a dicarboxylate inside the cell using energy stored in the [Na+] gradient.

3. Tertiary indirect active transport. The basolateral organic anion transporter (OAT) concentrates organic anions (OA-) inside the cell, using the energy stored in the dicarboxylate gradient. 4. organic anions enter the lumen by fac. diffusion

Front 21

The ___ makes bad things into ____ by making it H2O soluble and giving it a neg charge, essentially putting a tag on it and sending it back into thecirculation, where it then goes through secretion.

Back 21

liver, OA

Front 22

OA's cannot be traded for Na+ because the carriers must be relatively equal in _____, and therefore must be traded for ____

Back 22

size, alpha ketoglutarate

Front 23

4 main things that can happen with a substance

Back 23

(there is also partial secretion)

Front 24

In the urine organic wastes are more _____ (urea, artificial molecules, excess vitamins)

Back 24

concentrated

Front 25

Inulin (not insulin) is an organic polysaccharidethat can be used to study _____ because it is not reabsorbed or secreted. Creatine _____ is also used to study ______ by knowing ____ and measuring the inulin amount in the urine.

Back 25

clearance x2

GFR, BV

Front 26

An example of a filtration only substance, one without transporters, where the body doesn't care much either way is ____ . It also does not change based on diet or physiology.

Back 26

creatinine

Front 27

In urea clearance, urea has net ___

Back 27

reabsorption.

Front 28

If _____ is greater than _____ than there is net reabsorption

Back 28

filtration, excretion

Front 29

Penicillin clearance :

Back 29

filtered and secreted, has net secretion.

Front 30

If _____ is greater than _____ than there is net secretion

Back 30

excretion, filtration

Front 31

If clearance of a substance is greater/less than GFR, there is net reabsorption

Back 31

less

Front 32

If clearance of a substance is greater/less than GFR, there is net secretion

Back 32

more

Front 33

if protein makes its way into the urine through filtration it is broken down into ____ by ________ and is reabsorbed into the blood

Back 33

AA, endocytosis

Front 34

breakdown product of nitrogen containing compound

Back 34

urea

Front 35

what uses nitrogen to make peptide bonds, rest ends up in urine

Back 35

urea

Front 36

urea does/doesn't change with diet

Back 36

does

Front 37

Once filtrate leaves collecting ducts, it can’t be modified and flows down ureter to bladder. This is called

Back 37

Micturition

Front 38

Urine/filtrate is stored until release at ______ after ______

Back 38

urination, micturition

Front 39

Smooth muscle on internal bladder (_____ sphincter, _______ control) wall relaxes, puts additional pressure on bladder contents, sends signal to brain

Back 39

internal, involuntary

Front 40

Skeletal muscle of the _____sphincter (_____control) contracts, urine is released

Back 40

External, voluntary