Urinary System And Excretion #2

Front 1

What are the filterable components of blood? What are they filtered by?

Back 1

Water, nitrogenous wastes (e.g. urea and creatinine and uric acid), filtered by glomerulus

Front 2

What part of the kidneys do the glomerul/Bowman's capsule and the convoluted tubules lie? Where does the loop of Henley/Nephron lie? How about the collecting ducts?

Back 2

in the renal cortex, in the renal medulla, also in the medulla

Front 3

What are the nonfilterable components of the blood, what happens if they get filtered? What structure would be responsible for allowing albumin to go through? What would this cause?

Back 3

formed elements (RBC's, WBC's, and platelets) and the plasma proteins (e.g. albumin), If albumin is found in the blood, it is the single, most reliable indicator of kidney failure! glomerulus.
Causes adema because of the reduce of plasma osmotic pressure!

Front 4

In the kidneys of a normal person, what is the last structure albumin encounters?

Back 4

Renal vein

Front 5

What process in the kidneys is driven by left ventricular systole?

Back 5

glomerular filtration

Front 6

What happens when the renal threshold is reached? What is the word for the excess?

Back 6

any excess in the filtrate will appear in the urine called glucosuria

Front 7

How is diabetes mellitus caused?

Back 7

Because the liver and muscles fail to store glucose as glycogen, the blood glucose level is above normal (hyperglycemia) and exceeds the renal threshold. Consequently, lg amounts of glucoseria appear. glucose takes up all the room in the kidney tubule and the renal threshold can't

Front 8

What does the presence of excess glucose in the filtrate past the proximal convulated tubule do?

Back 8

raises its osmolarity, and less water is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary network.

Front 9

What is the frequent urination and increased thirst experienced by untreated diabetics due to?

Back 9

less water is being reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood. Osmotic diuresis

Front 10

What type of disease is Type 2 diabetes?

Back 10

Autoimmune disease, your own insulin destroys cells, probably triggered by virus (immune response to virus leads to response to own insulin)

Front 11

How can penicillin levels in the blood be prolonged? How does it prolong it?

Back 11

by administering it simultaneously with probenecid, it prolongs it by competing fro the same tubular carrier proteins as used by penicillin.

Front 12

What does urine contain?

Back 12

substances that have undergone glomerular filtration but have not been reabsorbed and substances that have undergone tubular secretion.

Front 13

If you want to regulate water volume, what else would you need to regulate?

Back 13

sodium

Front 14

What 3 processes does urine formation involve?

Back 14

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion.

Front 15

HF: Urinalysis consists of 3 phases of examination, what are they and what do they involve?

Back 15

1. Physical examination: color, clarity, and smell is examined.
2. Chemical Examination: done with a dipstick to determine urine's specific gravity, pH, and content of glucose, billirubin, urobilinogen, ketone, protein, nitrite, blood, and white blood cells in the urine.
3.

Front 16

Urine's odor is affected by the consumption of what?

Back 16

garlic, curry, asparagus, and vitamin C

Front 17

HF: What is the specific gravity an indicator of? If something is wrong, what would you see? What would contribute to this?

Back 17

how well the kidneys are able to adjust tonicity in urine. high value (concentrated urie) may be a result of dehydration or diabetes mellitus.

Front 18

HF: In patients with kidney stone disease, urine pH has a direct effect on what?

Back 18

the type of stones formed

Front 19

What is the frequent urination and increased thirst experienced by untreated diabetics due to?

Back 19

less water is being reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood. Osmotic diuresis

Front 20

What type of disease is Type 2 diabetes?

Back 20

Autoimmune disease, your own insulin destroys cells, probably triggered by virus (immune response to virus leads to response to own insulin)

Front 21

How can penicillin levels in the blood be prolonged? How does it prolong it?

Back 21

by administering it simultaneously with probenecid, it prolongs it by competing fro the same tubular carrier proteins as used by penicillin.

Front 22

What does urine contain?

Back 22

substances that have undergone glomerular filtration but have not been reabsorbed and substances that have undergone tubular secretion.

Front 23

If you want to regulate water volume, what else would you need to regulate?

Back 23

sodium

Front 24

What 3 processes does urine formation involve?

Back 24

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion.

Front 25

HF: Urinalysis consists of 3 phases of examination, what are they and what do they involve?

Back 25

1. Physical examination: color, clarity, and smell is examined.
2. Chemical Examination: done with a dipstick to determine urine's specific gravity, pH, and content of glucose, billirubin, urobilinogen, ketone, protein, nitrite, blood, and white blood cells in the urine.
3. Microscopic examination: urine is centrifuged and the sediment is examined.

Front 26

Urine's odor is affected by the consumption of what?

Back 26

garlic, curry, asparagus, and vitamin C

Front 27

HF: What is the specific gravity an indicator of? If something is wrong, what would you see? What would contribute to this?

Back 27

how well the kidneys are able to adjust tonicity in urine. high value (concentrated urie) may be a result of dehydration or diabetes mellitus.

Front 28

HF: In patients with kidney stone disease, urine pH has a direct effect on what?

Back 28

the type of stones formed

Front 29

HF: What is suspected if glucose is found in the urine?

Back 29

diabetes mellitus

Front 30

The bilirubin test done in chemical examination is an indicator of what? If something is wrong, what would you see? What would contribute to this?

Back 30

whether or not bilirubin is found, you would see bilirubin if something was found, indicator of liver disease.

Front 31

HF: What is found in the urine with a person who has liver disease?

Back 31

bilirubin, urobilinogen is normally present in very small amounts

Front 32

What can an autoimmune person do to the pancreas? What will this result in>

Back 32

damage the pancreas, leading to diabetes mellitus type 1, w/o sufficient insulin, blood levels soar above the renal threshold (hyperglycemia)

Front 33

What is fluid called in the tubule? What is it called when it reaches the pelvis?

Back 33

filtrate, urine

Front 34

What does water pass through, how does it pass through?

Back 34

Water passes through by osmosis, through aquaporins

Front 35

Hf:Ketone: If something is wrong, what would you see? What would contribute to this?

Back 35

not normally found in the urine, urine ketones are a by-product of fat meabolism, presence may indicate diabetes mellitus/Atkins diet

Front 36

HF: What are ketones a biproduct of?

Back 36

fat metabolism

Front 37

If you did a urnialysis on a patient with ketones in their urine, what could you conclude about their eating habits?

Back 37

low-carb diet, atkin's diet.

Front 38

HF: What would you see in a person if you found plasma proteins in their urine? What is it called?

Back 38

proteinuria, usually sign of kidney damage.

Front 39

What is the presence of nitrates in the urine indicative of?

Back 39

urinary tract infection

Front 40

Blood in the urine may indicate what/

Back 40

a bacterial infection or kidney damage.

Front 41

WBC in the urine may indicate what?

Back 41

bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract

Front 42

When doing a microscopic examination of urine, what would you see if the urine contained an abnormal amount of cellular material?

Back 42

renal disease.

Front 43

When doing a microscopic examination of urine, what would you see if there were cyrstals?

Back 43

kidney stones, kidney damage, or problems with metabolism

Front 44

What are urinary casts?

Back 44

sediments formed by the coagulation of protein material in the distal convoluted tubule or the collecting duct. May be a sign of many different disorders depending on the type present.

Front 45

What is seen if you have sediments formed by the coagulation of protein material in the distal convoluted tubule in the collecting duct?

Back 45

Urinary casts.

Front 46

What are the drugs used associated with date rape?

Back 46

Rohypnol, known as roofies, and GHB, or gamma hydroxybutyrate, shown in urine of victims to determine if they were drugged.