Urinary System

Front 1

What 4 things does the Urinary system consist of?

Back 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 2

what do the kidnys do?

Back 2

form urine

Front 3

What do the ureters do?

Back 3

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 4

What does the urinary bladder do?

Back 4

store urine

Front 5

what does the urethra do?

Back 5

carries urine to the outside of the body

Front 6

What critical role does the US play?

Back 6

regulateing the composition of the body fluids (water balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance)

Front 7

What does the US rid the body of?

Back 7

wastes of metabolism, foreign chemicals, drugs, and food additives

Front 8

how do the kidneys serve as endocrine organs?

Back 8

renin-angiotension system and erythropoietin

Front 9

Where are the kidneys located?

Back 9

either side of th vertebral column in the abdominal cavity between the levels of the twelfth thoracic and the third lumbar vertebrae

Front 10

what is the renal cortex?

Back 10

the outer protion of the kidneys which contain capillary tufts and convoluted tubules

Front 11

what is the renal medulla?

Back 11

the inner portion of the kidney's composed of a series of triangular masses called renal pyramids separated by renal columns

Front 12

what are renal pyramids?

Back 12

a sweries of triangular masses in the renal medulla

Front 13

what separates renal pyramids?

Back 13

renal columns

Front 14

What is acute renal failure?

Back 14

a sudden loss of kidney function, usually associated with shock or intense renal vasoconstriction that lasts from a few days to several weeks

Front 15

cystitis:

Back 15

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 16

Hematuria:

Back 16

blood in the urine

Front 17

Hemodialysis:

Back 17

a method of clearing waste products from the blood in which blood passes by the semipermeable membrane of the artificial kidney and waste products are removed by diffusion

Front 18

Nocturia:

Back 18

night urination (during sleep)

Front 19

Oliguria:

Back 19

the condition of having urinary volumes of less than 500 ml/day

Front 20

polyuria:

Back 20

excessive urine output

Front 21

uremia:

Back 21

retention of urinary constituents in the blood, owing to kidney dysfunction

Front 22

what does the nephron consist of? 6 things

Back 22

glomerulus, glomerular capsue, the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

Front 23

Glomerulus:

Back 23

consists of a network of about 50 capillaries making it 100-1000 times more permeable than typical capillaries

Front 24

glomerular capsule (bowman's capsue):

Back 24

double walled cuplike structure composed of squamous epithelium with podocytes

Front 25

podocytes:

Back 25

inner layer of glomerular capsulle that is closely associated with the glomerular capillaries

Front 26

Proximal Convoluted tubule:

Back 26

continuous within the epithelium of the glomerular capsule; consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells containing microvilli that increase surface area.

Front 27

Nephron loop:

Back 27

has descending and ascending thin limbs and an ascending thick portion

Front 28

Distal Convoluted Tubule:

Back 28

begins at the macula densa, a mass of specialized epithelial cells of the tubule wall, located next to the afferent arteriole

Front 29

What are the three major function of the nephron?

Back 29

1)glomular filtration
2)tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion

Front 30

Glomerular flitrate:

Back 30

the portion of the blood plasma that enture the capsule in glomerular filtration

Front 31

Glomerular Filtration:

Back 31

fluid and solutes in the blood plasma pass into the glomerular capsule to be filtered

Front 32

what are the 2 mechanisms that cause the fluid to be filtered?

Back 32

1) high hydrostatic pressure o the blood in the glomerulus
2) large numbers of pores which are larger than most pores in blood capillaries

Front 33

GLomerular filtration rate (GFR):

Back 33

averages about 120 ml/minute or about 190 L a day

Front 34

What leads to vasoconstriction or vasodilation of afferent arterioles/

Back 34

extrinsic (sympathetic nerves) and intrinsic(locally produced chemicals) mechanisms

Front 35

How is the GFR measured? (Glomerular filtration rate

Back 35

by measuring the excretion and plasma concentration of a substance that is freely filtered into bowman's capsule and is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules

Front 36

what product is used to measure the GFR?

Back 36

inulin

Front 37

what is the equation for the GFR?

Back 37

GFR= urine volume x inulin concentration in urine/inulin concentration in plasma

Front 38

Tuular reabsorption:

Back 38

is the transfer of fluid and solutes out of the lumen of the nephron through the interstital space and into the peritubular capillaries

Front 39

what is the transport of substances known as?

Back 39

trans epithelial transport

Front 40

what is the transport maximum?

Back 40

the concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate the carriers and thus achieve a maximal transport rate

Front 41

What is Tubular secretion?

Back 41

the secetion or movement of substances from te perituular capillaries into the lumen of the tubule

Front 42

what does tubular secretion do?

Back 42

selectively moves substances into the lumen for excretion in the urine.

Front 43

what type of transport occurs in tubular secretion?

Back 43

transepitheleal transport

Front 44

what are the most important substances transported by the tubules in tubular secretion?

Back 44

H+, K+, and som organic anions

Front 45

What stimulates the secrion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+?

Back 45

aldosterone

Front 46

WHere is K+ usually reabsorbed in tubular secretion?

Back 46

reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and actively secreted in the distal tubule

Front 47

How do the kidney's regulate acid-base balance?

Back 47

secretion of H+ inos into the tubules and the reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Front 48

Acidosis:

Back 48

the ratio of CO2 to HCO3- in the extracellular fluid is increased because of the produciont of CO2 or an increase in H+ formation

Front 49

what is the renal response to acidosis?

Back 49

increased amounts of CO2 enter the tubular cells

incrased amounts of H+ secreted into lumen

some H+ becomes HCO3- and one Na+is realeased for every H+ absorbed

HCO3- in the lumen of the nephron is reabsorbed into the extracellular fluid

Front 50

alkalosis:

Back 50

HCO3- increases as the pH rises

Front 51

what is the renal response to alkalosis?

Back 51

decreased amounts of CO2 enter the tubular cells from the extracellular fluid

decreased amounts of H+ are secreted into the lumen of the nephron

Front 52

What is the net result of the renal response to acidosis?

Back 52

H+ ions are excreted in the urine, and Na+ and HCO3- are retained

Front 53

what is the net result of the renal response to alkalosis?

Back 53

H+ions are retained and bicarbonate ions are excreted

Front 54

How do the kidneys regulate urine concentration?

Back 54

1)producing an osmotic gradient between the tubular lumen and th surrounding interstitial fluid

2)by the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted from the posterior pituitary

Front 55

what is the osotonic osmolarity of body fluids at a normal fluid balance and solute concentration?

Back 55

300 milliosmols/liter

Front 56

What is the plasma clearance analysis?

Back 56

the ability of the kidneys to clear the plasma of substances in a specific length of time (usually ml/min)

Front 57

What is the equation for clearance?

Back 57

clearance (ml/min)=UxV/P
U is urine, P is plasma, v is volumes of urine formed per minute

Front 58

what is clearance expressed as?

Back 58

a volume

Front 59

how many ml of plasma was cleared of urea>?

Back 59

75 ml

Front 60

if a substance is filtered and reabsorbed but not secreted, its plasma clearance rate will b...

Back 60

less than the GFR (less than 120 ml/min)

Front 61

if a substance is filtered and secreted but not reabsorbed its plasma clearance rate is...

Back 61

greater than the GFR (greater than 120 ml/min)

Front 62

what system regulates blood pressure in the kidney's?

Back 62

renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

Front 63

where is renin produced and secreted?

Back 63

the juxtaglomular apparatus

Front 64

where i the juxtaglomular apparatus?

Back 64

where hte distal convoluted tubule makes contact with the afferent arteriol near Bowman's capsule

Front 65

what trigures a release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?

Back 65

a decrease in blood volume or pressure in the afferent arteriole or an increase in sodium cloride concentration of the fluid in the distal tubule

Front 66

what senses the increase in sodium chloride concentration?

Back 66

macula densa (wall of the distal tubule)

Front 67

what senses the decrease in blood volume or blood pressure?

Back 67

the juxtaglomerular cells

Front 68

what are the steps of mictuition?

Back 68

1)bladder fills with urine
2)stretch receptors in the bladder send message to sacral spinal cord
3)sensory neurons send impulses to brain
4)PS nerve impulses stimlate the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter
5)detrusor muscle contracts and the internal sphincter relaxes
6)need to urinate is intensified
7)voluntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter prevents urination
8) upon urination, external urethral sphincter is relaxed
9)detrusor muscle contracts and urine is released through the urethra.