Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the role of the urinary system?
|
removal of waste
|
|
|
What are some of the common waste products produced by digestion that can get into tissue and diffuse into the bloodstream and must be removed?
|
ammonia, acids, salts, and urea
|
|
|
What are the tubes called that lead from the kidney to the bladder?
|
ureters
|
|
|
What structure is found in males and not females that is connected to the urinary tract?
|
prostate (this word is commonly mispronounced - note that the second part of the word is pronounced 'state' NOT "strate."
|
|
|
What structure found in males passes through the prostate?
|
urethra
|
|
|
What is the location of the kidneys in relation to the spine?
|
Kidneys are situated normally between T-12 and L-3 in the retroperitoneum (the rear of the abdominal cavity).
|
|
|
It what type of organisms would one find kidneys?
|
vertebrates and some invertebrates that have "kidney-like" structures
|
|
|
What is the cavity in the rear of the abdominal cavity called where the kidneys are situated?
|
retroperitoneum
|
|
|
What is the connection between the level of salt and water balance in the body?
|
as the level of salt changes so does the amount of water in tissue and blood
|
|
|
What is the name of the blood vessel that brings oxygen-rich blood to the kidneys?
|
renal artery
|
|
|
What is the outer part of the kidney called?
|
renal cortex
|
|
|
What is the region below the renal cortex?
|
renal medulla
|
|
|
What role to kidneys play in pH regulation?
|
kidneys regular pH levels of the blood by constantly adjusting ion levels by secreting or absorbing ions in the nephron.
|
|
|
What are the filtering units of the kidney called?
|
nephrons
|
|
|
Approximately how many nephrons are found in each kidney?
|
800,000.0 to 1.0 million
|
|
|
What hormone produced by the kidneys helps regulate red blood cell production?
|
erythropoietin
|
|
|
What are the six functions of the kidney?
|
1. homeostasis of ions
2. secretion of hormones 3. water balance 4. filtering blood & excreting waste 5. adjusting pH 6. production of urine |
|
|
What is the outer "skin" of the kidney called?
|
renal capsule
|
|
|
What is the central part of the kidney called where urine accumulates before flowing through the ureters to the bladder?
|
renal pelvis
|
|
|
What are the structures scattered throughout the renal medulla that contain nephron called?
|
renal pyramids, of which there between 8 and 18/kidney
|
|
|
Approximately how many liters of blood/day does each kidney filter?
|
about 1,000.0 litres (240.0 gal/day)
|
|
|
Approximately how much urine can a bladder hold?
|
one litre
|
|
|
By what method is urine moved through ureters from the renal pelvis to the bladder?
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
What is the name of the muscle that makes up the wall of the bladder?
|
detrusor muscle
|
|
|
There are two sphincter muscles that control the flow of urine from the bladder. What are they?
|
internal (top of urethra) and exterior sphincters
|
|
|
At approximately what level in the bladder do the ureter openings lead.
|
The ureters enter the bladder at the rear of the bladder below the midline of the bladder.
|
|
|
Which sphincter of the urethra controls the flow of urine down the urethra?
|
external urethral sphincter
|
|
|
In females the urethra carries only what substance?
|
urine
|
|
|
In males the urethra carries what at times in addition to urine?
|
sperm and prostatic fluids
|
|
|
What is the approximate length of the human urethra in females?
|
3 to 4 cm
|
|
|
What is the approximate length of the human urethra in males?
|
15 to 30 cm
|
|
|
Why is urine capacity in the bladder for women often less than for men?
|
because the bladder is located below the uterus which may restrict capacity
|
|
|
What is the scientific name for urination?
|
micturation
|
|
|
What reflex is stimulated by a full bladder?
|
micturition reflex
|
|
|
What muscle of the bladder must contract for urine to be forced from the bladder?
|
detrusor muscle
|
|
|
What is urea?
|
a waste product of protein metabolism
|
|
|
What is the average makeup of urine in a normal human?
|
95% water by volume
5% other solutes |
|
|
What is another name for urea?
|
carbamide
|
|
|
What is the source of uric acid crystals which may form in the kidney
|
uric acid from DNA metabolism
|
|
|
What does the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue form?
|
creatinine
|
|
|
About how many trace solutes can be found in urine?
|
>100
|
|
|
What gives urine its yellow color?
|
urobilins
|
|
|
If there is a defect in DNA metabolism what is likely to be formed?
|
uric acid which may crystallize in joints causing gout, or contribute to kidney stones
|
|
|
What substance is formed with intense physical muscle activity?
|
creatinine which can be found in urine
|
|
|
What are the three phases of nephron filtration?
|
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion |
|
|
What happens in glomerular filtration?
|
Arterial blood enters the glomerulus (Bowman's capsule) Via the afferent arteriole and is under high pressure so that substances like glucose and sodium and potassium ions are pushed into the glomerulus to begin the trip through the nephron.
|
|
|
When filtrate is formed in the glomerulus (Bowman's capsule), what has been pushed out of the blood to make this filtrate?
|
Any small molecules such as water, glucose, salt (NaCl), amino acids, and urea pass freely into Bowman's space, but cells, platelets and large proteins do not.
|
|
|
What happens in the nephron during tubular reabsorption?
|
sugars, protein, water and other substances
|
|
|
Most nephrons are located in the renal cortex. What percentage of nephrons have a long loop - called the loop of Henle - that dips down into the renal medulla?
|
20% - 80% of nephrons reside in the renal cortex
|
|
|
What is the name of the hormone, whose release is signaled by the pituitary, to increase membrane permeability of the nephron collecting ducts causing water retention?
|
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
|
|
What effect does the intake of alcohol, cola or chocolate have on ADH?
|
These substances inhibit ADH, thus causing a person to lose excessive water and disrupting electrolyte balance in the blood.
|
|
|
What is it called if the blood becomes to acidic?
|
acidosis
|
|
|
What is it called if the blood becomes to alkaline?
|
alkalosis
|
|
|
What condition is caused in athletes when they secrete too much salt on their skin?
|
Hyponatremia (dilution of the blood) Water in hypotonic blood diffuses down its concentration gradient into tissues causing bloating, swelling, nausea, cramps, slurred speech and disorientation.
|
|
|
What is proteinuria?
|
too much protein in the blood
|
|
|
What does ESRD stand for in reference to the kidneys?
|
End-State Renal Disease ESRD sufferers have less than 10% normal kidney function - kidneys irreversibly damaged - only transplant with help
|
|
|
What is proteinuria?
|
too much protein in the blood
|
|
|
What does ESRD stand for in reference to the kidneys?
|
End-State Renal Disease ESRD sufferers have less than 10% normal kidney function - kidneys irreversibly damaged - only transplant with help
|
|
|
Give three examples of exocrine glands.
|
1. sweat glands
2. mammary glands 3. salivary glands |
