Urinary And Reproductive System

Front 1

ADH activated water channels called ________ are essential for water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

Back 1

Aquaporins

Front 2

An 18 year old patient has a complaint of painful urination, fever, chills, and back pain. This is her second urinary tract infection (UTI) within 5 months. How can the RN instruct the patient on prevention of another UTI?

Back 2

Escherichia coli are normal residents of the digestive tract and generally cause no problems there, but these bacteria account for 80% of all urinary tract infections. The nurse can instruct the patient on proper hygiene measures, including wiping from front to back following urination to avoid introduction of anal bacteria, reduction in sexual activity if sexually active, and increased fluid intake to increase flushing of the urethra. The nurse should also explain that sexually transmitted infections can also inflame the urinary tract, clogging some of its ducts.

Front 3

A 58-year-old woman complains of loss of urine when coughing and sneezing, and during exercise. She has had three children. Describe the possible causes of urinary incontinence in this patient.

Back 3

Stress incontinence is found most commonly in women with relaxed pelvic musculature deprived of estrogen. Stress incontinence may occur with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure such as coughing or sneezing, which forces urine through the external sphincter. Aging, multiple pregnancies, and obesity are risk factors in increasing the relaxation and/or pressure from above.

Front 4

What clinical effects would low blood pressure have on the kidneys of a burn patient?

Back 4

This patient would have a much lower glomerular hydrostatic pressure due to water losses through burned skin and would have a low GFR. This is highly dangerous, leading to failure of the nephron loop to maintain countercurrent flow, flowed by anuria. It is made worse if any muscle is burned and myoglobin in the blood exceeds its transport maximum, resulting in plugging of the tubules and death of the nephron. Often massive fluid transfusions are required to maintain blood volume, high GFR, and dilution of myoglobinuria to avoid catastrophe.

Front 5

The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.

Back 5

Trigone

Front 6

Rachael has been complaining of frequent and burning urination. She also reported seeing some blood in her urine. Her physician suspects cystitis. What is cystitis, and how can it cause these symptoms?

Back 6

It is possible that Rachael has cystitis, a condition in which the mucous membrane lining the bladder becomes swollen and bleeding occurs. This condition is caused by bacterial invasion of the bladder or by chemical or mechanical irritation. Burning on urination alone implies urethritis — inflammation of the urethra alone, but urinary frequency suggests the bladder itself is also involved, with the inflammation causing smooth muscle irritability lowering the stretch trigger point for micturition.

Front 7

The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called _______

Back 7

nocturia

Front 8

Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane not under hormonal control is called ________ water reabsorption.

Back 8

obligatory

Front 9

Ellen, a 47-year-old woman who has suffered kidney disease for several years, has been diagnosed with proteinuria. Her legs and feet are so swollen that she has difficulty walking. Her hands and her left arm are also swollen. What is proteinuria, and could this condition be playing a role in her swollen limbs?

Back 9

Proteinuria is a condition in which the permeability of the glomerular capillaries is increased to such an extent that large amounts of plasma proteins (mostly albumin) pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine. If the condition is severe, the loss of plasma proteins may decrease osmotic pressure substantially. When this happens there is a tendency for fluid to leave the systemic blood vessels and enter the tissue space. This is the reason for Ellen's swollen limbs.

Front 10

Eleven-year-old Harry is complaining of a severe sore throat and gets to stay home from school. His pediatrician prescribes a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and Harry feels much better within a few days. However, some two weeks later, Harry has a dull, bilateral pain in his lower back and his urine is a smoky brown color. On the basis of Harry's signs and symptoms, diagnose his condition and indicate the relationship (if any) between his present condition and his earlier sore throat.

Back 10

Harry is showing the symptoms of kidney inflammation. Kidney inflammations usually result from infections either of the lower urinary tract or, in Harry's case, from his earlier infection of a sore throat. Streptococcal infection of the throat can induce anti-streptococcal antibodies that bind to them, depositing immune complexes in the glomerular membranes. The kidney inflammation that primarily involves glomeruli is called glomerulonephritis, and if severe enough can cause permanent renal failure. In post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the smoky brown color of urine most commonly represents the leakage of blood cells through the damaged glomerular membrane.

Front 11

The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

Back 11

myogenic

Front 12

Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.

Back 12

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor activating smooth muscle of arterioles throughout the body, causing mean arterial blood pressure to rise. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by interrupting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Front 13

The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.

Back 13

Pyuria

Front 14

Surgical cutting of the ductus deferens as a form of birth control is called a(n) ________.

Back 14

vascetomy

Front 15

The ________ of the testis nourish the newly formed sperm cells.

Back 15

sustenocytes

Front 16

While dining out in a restaurant a man suddenly chokes on a piece of meat. The waitress is also a student nurse and comes to the man's aid. She asks him if he can talk. The man responds by shaking his head no and grabbing at his neck. What is the significance of the man's inability to talk?

Back 16

Speech involves the intermittent release of expired air and opening and closing of the glottis. Because the man is unable to speak, this indicates that he is choking on a piece of food that suddenly closed off air at or below the glottis.

Front 17

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Explain why the patient stopped breathing.

Back 17

In people who retain carbon dioxide because of pulmonary disease, arterial PCO2 is chronically elevated and chemoreceptors become unresponsive to this chemical stimulus. In such cases, declining PO2 levels act on the oxygen-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptors and provide the principle respiratory stimulus, or the so-called hypoxic drive. Pure oxygen will stop a person's breathing, because his respiratory stimulus (low PO2 levels) would be removed.

Front 18

The portion of the uterine endometrium that is not sloughed off every month is called the ________.

Back 18

stratum basalis

Front 19

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

Back 19

Following nasal infection, the paranasal sinuses can become infected.

Front 20

The suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of the ________ ligament.

Back 20

broad

Front 21

A patient with tuberculosis is often noncompliant with treatment. Explain why this may happen.

Back 21

Noncompliance may occur because of the length of treatment. Treatment entails a 12-month course of antibiotics. Once the patient begins to feel better and the clinical symptoms dissipate, the patient may stop taking the medication.

Front 22

John has undergone surgery and has developed pneumonia. He also has a history of emphysema. Which symptoms and signs would the nurse expect to find?

Back 22

1. The patient may have dyspnea.2. The patient may have hypoxemia because of increased secretions in the lungs.3. The patient may use his accessory muscles to assist breathing.4. The patient may have a productive cough.5. The patient's breath sounds may have rales (crackles).

Front 23

Treponema pallidum causes the sexually transmitted disease called ________.

Back 23

Syphilis

Front 24

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Explain why the patient stopped breathing.

Back 24

In people who retain carbon dioxide because of pulmonary disease, arterial PCO2 is chronically elevated and chemoreceptors become unresponsive to this chemical stimulus. In such cases, declining PO2 levels act on the oxygen-sensitive peripheral chemoreceptors and provide the principle respiratory stimulus, or the so-called hypoxic drive. Pure oxygen will stop a person's breathing, because his respiratory stimulus (low PO2 levels) would be removed.

Front 25

The midpiece of the sperm tail contains mostly ________.

Back 25

mitochondria

Front 26

The ________ plexus of testicular veins assists in cooling the testis.

Back 26

pampiniform

Front 27

After a long scuba diving session on a Caribbean reef, Carl boards a plane to Dallas. He begins to feel pain in his elbow on the flight back to Dallas. What is happening to him?

Back 27

Carl is experiencing the bends due to several problems: (1) Applying Boyle's law, a lot of gas was forced into Carl's bloodstream during the dive and there was not sufficient time to decompress the excess before he boarded the plane. (2) The plane is not pressurized to sea level, which further reduced atmospheric pressure holding the gases in suspension (Henry's law). Carl should be to be transported to a hyperbaric chamber to be repressurized. This will reduce the volume of the gas bubbles in his arm so that normal circulation can resume.

Front 28

A follicle with only a small antrum in it would be classified as a(n) ________ follicle.

Back 28

secondary

Front 29

The erectile tissue around the urethra is the corpus ________.

Back 29

spongiosum