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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How soon should a urine sample be analyzed?
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Within 30 minutes of collection; otherwise refrigerate it for up to 6-12 hours.
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Does refrigerated urine need to be warmed to room temperature to be evaluated?
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Yes.
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What methods are used to collect urine samples?
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cystocentesis, catheterization, free catch, express the bladder
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How do you prepare a sample for cytologic examination?
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Centrifuge 5 ml for 5 min at low speed (1500-2000rpm). Pour off supernatant. Tap test tube, place drop of sediment on a glass slide, cover with cover slip.
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How do you perform a cytologic example on urine sediment?
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Examine on 10X, then 40X for cast, crystals, cells, bacteria.
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What does the specific gravity of urine measure?
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The renal tubule's abillity to concentrate or dilute filtrates from the glomerulus.
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Does proteinuria increase or decrease specific gravity?
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Increases.
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Does glycosuria increase or decrease specific gravity?
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Increases.
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What instrument do you use to measure specific gravity?
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Refractometer.
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What is the average specific gravity of cat urine?
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1.035
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What is a typical value for urine specific gravity for a dog? Horses and cattle?
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1.030, 1.025
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What is isosthenuria?
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Isosthenuria refers to the excretion of urine whose specific gravity is neither greater nor less than that of protein-free plasma.
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What is the range of isosthenuria? What does it indicate?
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1.008-1.012 - S.G. of Glomerular Filtrate - Specific gravity in isosthenuric range in an animal that is clinically
dehydrated or azotemic implies inability of renal concentrating ability. |
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What pigments are responsible for the yellow color of urine?
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urochromes.
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Is urinary pH acid or alkaline in small animals? Large animals?
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Acid. In large animals, it is alkaline.
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What color is rabbit urine?
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orange to reddish-brown.
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Why is equine urine frequently cloudy?
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calcium carbonate crystals.
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Is odor important in urinalysis?
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a sweet-fruity odor may indicate ketones. An ammonia odor can indicate cystitis.
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Is the specific gravity recorded by test strips accurate?
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No - use a refractometer.
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What does yellow-greenish with colored foam indicate?
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presence of bile pigments.
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Normal voided urine is clear except in which species?
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Horses.
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What is the average urine specific gravity for a dog?
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Minimum 1.030
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What is the average urine specific gravity for a cat?
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Minimum 1.035
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Under what power should crystals be examined?
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Low power fields (#10) objective.
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What objective should be used when looking at epithelial cells in a urine sample?
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High power objective (40x)
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What does a hyaline cast contain?
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Nothing - these are clear and colorless.
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What sort of crystals are seen in ethylene glycol toxicity?
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Calcium oxalate crystals.
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Name a test that is not found on a urine dipstick.
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BUN - Blood urea nitrogen.
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What might be confused with white blood cells in a urine sediment during a microscopic exam?
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Renal epithelial cells.
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What substance when added to a urine sediment will lyse a RBC but not a fat droplet?
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dilute acetic acid
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What should be added to a urine sample in order to see beta hydroxybutyrate ketones?
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hydrogen peroxide (Beta-hydroxybutyrate is one of three ketones (toxic acidic chemicals) produced in the body. It can appear in elevated levels in tissue, blood or urine during periods of starvation, digestive disorders, frequent vomiting and diabetic conditions and when the body fluids contain too much alkali)
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What might the presence of protein in the urine indicate?
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kidney disease
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Name a condition that would not be associated with ketones in the urine?
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Hemolysis
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Name 3 conditions that would be associated with ketones in the urine:
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diabetes mellitus, lactating cows, starvation
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Which species most often shows mucus in the urine?
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the horse
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Which species most commonly shows fat droplets in the urine?
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Cats
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Stress and epinephrine released in cats can cause an increase in which biochemical parameter.
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Glucose.
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