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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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specific gravity
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• a measure of the density of a solution
• normal range for specific gravity of urine is 1.002-1.028 • higher specific gravity = concentrated urine 1.004 = dilute |
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urinometer
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Place the urinometer in urine sample and spin it slowly. Once the urinometer stops spinning (note: the point where the meniscus of the urine intersects the scale = specific gravity
• e.g. value 23, specific gravity = 1.023 |
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correction factor
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determines specific gravity of a urine sample because urinometers are calibrated for use at 15°C urine is usually rested at a higher temperature
• For every 3°C above 15°C, add 0.001 to specific gravity reading |
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Identify two possible causes of high specific gravity of the urine.
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dehydration or salt loading which increase plasma osmolarity
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Describe the primary physiological control mechanism that is involved in producing a concentrated urine (during dehydration, for example)
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ADH stimulates DCT and CD cells to insert aquaorins. ADH gets released form the posterior pituitary if dehydration or increase blood osmolarity occurs. Aquaporins increase the permeability of water and promotes reabsorption of water. The result is a more concentrated urine.
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Would you normally expected to find glucose in the urine? Why or why not?
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Glucose would not normally be found in urine because an abnormal presence of glucose in using is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Glucose gets recaptured before filtrate leave the urine.
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One of the diagnostic features of diabetes mellitus is the presence of glucose in the urine. Explain the mechanisms that result in glucose excretion and the effect that this has on fluid balance.
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Blood glucose concentrations are filtered at the glomerulus and reabsorbed at the PCT. Once carriers are completely saturated the glucose is excreted in the urine. This will have an effect on the fluid balance and cause frequent urination and possible dehydration.
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Would you normally expect to see protein in the urine? Explain your answer in terms of the structure and function of the filtration membrane.
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You wouldn't expect to find protein in the urine because protein is a larger solute therefore unable to pass through the filtration membrane. Finding protein in the urine would indicate the kidneys are damaged.
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Explain why a person suffering from diabetes mellitus might have ketonuria.
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People with ketonuria produce bodies because of high glucose and insufficient insulin production. The body uses lipolysis to make ATP. The ketones are being produced at the liver from the fatty acids being broken down for ATP.
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Explain why diabetes insipidus us causes a low specific gravity of the urine.
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Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by a deficiency in ADH secretion or inadequate renal response to ADH. ADH stimulates the DCT and CD cells to insert aquaporins which allow it to be more permeable to water. A deficiency in ADH would inhibit the DCT & CD cells to insert aquaporins which decreases the permeability of water. The result is a low specific gravity or urine.
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