Universiy Of Minnesota Rochester - A&p Exam 3

Front 1

epimysium

Back 1

Surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

(Epi)

Front 2

Perimysium

Back 2

Surrounds the fascicles

Front 3

Fascicles

Back 3

bundle made up of multiple muscle fibers

Front 4

Endomysium

Back 4

Covers one muscle fiber

Front 5

Tendon

Back 5

dense regular connective tissue muscle to bone, muscel to skin... ect

Front 6

Aponeurosis

Back 6

Thin flattened sheet of dense irregular tissue

Front 7

Deep fascia

Back 7

Also called Visceral or muscular fascia,

External to epimysium. Seperates individual muscles, binds muscles with similar function.

Front 8

Is muscle nervated and vascularized?

Back 8

Yes

Front 9

Axon

Back 9

Extensive branches at termal end.

Front 10

Multinucleated

Back 10

Muscle cells

Front 11

Myoblasts

Back 11

Groups of embryonic cells that form together to form elongated muscle cells

Front 12

Satellite cells

Back 12

myoblasts that do not fuse during development. These cells can be stimulated during injury to repair and regenerate.

Front 13

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 13

Entire portion of one motor unit.

Front 14

T-tubules

Back 14

Innervations of the sarcolemma (Plasma membrane) of a nerve cell.

Front 15

Concentration gradient is maintained by the

Back 15

Na+ and K+ pump

Front 16

Na+ and K+ channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are called

Back 16

Voltage Gated Na+ or K+ Channels

Front 17

Terminal Ciserna

Back 17

End of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, contains

Calmodulin and Calsequestrin

Front 18

Calmodulin

Back 18

Binds to Ca+2 and stores it in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 19

myofibrils

Back 19

contains muscle protein filaments called myofilaments

Front 20

Myofilaments

Back 20

Two types, Thin and thick

Front 21

Thick Filaments

Back 21

Composed of Myosin. The piece inside of the contractile unit. The mysoin heads attach to this filament

Front 22

Thin Filaments

Back 22

The part that actin heads attach too at mysoin binding sites.

Front 23

Tropomysoin

Back 23

The pearl string that blocks the mysoin binding sites during relaxation.

Front 24

Troponin

Back 24

Ball like protein that attaches to tropomysoin. This is the binding site of Ca+2

Front 25

G-actin

Back 25

Makes up the strips of the thin filaments.

Front 26

Z-discs

Back 26

The Vertical bands

Front 27

I-band

Back 27

contains the connectin portion only. (Non-thick fillament portion of both sides.

Front 28

A band

Back 28

Contains teh thick filament

Front 29

H-Zone

Back 29

The portion of the thick filament that contracts. The gap between the thin filaments.

Front 30

M-line

Back 30

Pretty much the same as the A band but in the middle, location on the Thick fillament.

Front 31

Connectin

Back 31

Extends from the z discs to the M line. Spring that holds the Thick fillament to the Z-disc.

Front 32

Nebulin

Back 32

Actin binding protein that acts as a structural order keeper. Runs along the length of the thin fillament.

Front 33

Dystrophin

Back 33

Anchors the motor units to external proteins. Muscular dystrophy caused by abnormal amounts of dystrophin protein

Front 34

Myoglobin

Back 34

Binds to oxygen and releases oxygen during muscle contraction.

Front 35

Creatin Phosphate

Back 35

Supply ATP anarobically

Front 36

Motor Unit

Back 36

Concists of the Neuron along with the muscle unit it controls.

Front 37

What is found in the synaptic cleft

Back 37

ACh and Na+

Front 38

ACh binds to...

Back 38

Ach Receptor (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Recepotr) allows Na+ to enter the cell and K+ to exit the cell.

Front 39

What goes into the neruon

Back 39

Ca+2 enters through the Voltage Gated Ca+2 channel

Front 40

Na+ Enters at what speed

K+ exits at what speed

Causing an

Back 40

End-plate potential

Front 41

After Na+ enters the T-tubule adn enters through the Na+ channels

Back 41

Ca+2 is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Cisternae. These bind with troponin, exposing the myosin binding sites

Front 42

Ca+2 binds to

Back 42

Troponin, which causes the Myosin binding sites to be exposed.

Front 43

What allows myosin heads to be released from actin

Back 43

ATP, which then splits and allows the head to reset.

Front 44

Powerstroke

Back 44

One head contraction distance

Front 45

Curare

Back 45

Muscle Paralyzing toxin that binds to acetylcholine causing a conformational change, and inhibiting ACh ability to bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Front 46

D-tubocurarine

Back 46

Muscle relactant, binds to ACh recepotrs inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine

Front 47

Botox

Back 47

Botulinum toxin degrades SNARE proteins that allow to vesicle function which prevents vessicle fusion nad thus prevents the release of acetylcholine.

Front 48

Sarin

Back 48

Blocks the Acetylcholine esterase active site which prevents the reupatake of sarin gas

Front 49

Immediate Supply of Skeletal ATP

Back 49

Phosphagen System, ATPase, Myokinase, Creatine phosphate, creatin kinase.

Front 50

Phosphagen System

Back 50

Anaerobic system. 5-6 seconds of energy, ATPase breaks ADP and Pi appart.

Front 51

Myokinase

Back 51

Transfers phosphate from ADP to ADP yealding ATP and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) giving an additional few seconds

Front 52

Immediate Energy for Muscle contraction 2

Back 52

Creatin Phosphate

ATP is generated form a donated P from Creatin Phosphate. 10-15 seconds The ATP is synthesized from creatine kinase and converts creatin phosphate to just creatin

Front 53

Short Term supply of ATP

Back 53

Anaerobic Cellular respiration (glycolysis) 2ATP from a single glucose molecule

Front 54

Long Term Energy Source

Back 54

Mitochondria, through aerobic respiration, converts pyruvate to NADH and FADH2 Which generates ATP in the Electrion Transport Chain. 34 ATP from oxidative phosphorlyation.

Front 55

Oxygen Debt

Back 55

The amount of oxygen that must be inhaled following exercise to restoer pre exercise conditions.

Replace Hemobloben and myogloblin bound oxygen.

Replenish glycogen

Replenish ATP and creatine phosphate

Convert Lactic Acid back into glucose

Front 56

Classification criteria

Back 56

Type of contraction and primary ATP aquireing method.

Front 57

Power

Back 57

Diameter of a muscle fiber

Front 58

Speed/ Types of muscle fibers

Back 58

Fast twitch and slow twitch, genetic varitions that control the speed of myosin, ATPase, and the enzyme that splits ATP

Front 59

Oxidative fibers

Back 59

Determine the color of muscels based on mitochondria numbers. Red appearance indicates high numbers of mitochondria.

Front 60

Fatigue resistant muscles

Back 60

Have large numbers of oxidative fibers

Front 61

Glycolytic fibers

Back 61

anaerobic cellular respiration. White fibers due to an absence of mitochondria.

Front 62

Fatigable Fibers

Back 62

Glycolytic Fibers, no mitochondria.

Front 63

TYPE I Fibers

Back 63

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Slow twitch, able to make ATP, Red, resists Fatigue, Function: Posture

Front 64

Type IIa Fibers

Back 64

Fast Oxidative Fibers

Fast use of ATP, Light red color, Walking,

Front 65

Type IIb Fibers

Back 65

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Fast ATP use, sprinting, White Fibers, Low resistnace to fatigue.

Front 66

Twitch

Back 66

Single contraction period and the relaxation period

Front 67

Latent Period

Back 67

No change in muscle length during latent period.

Front 68

Contraction period

Back 68

Shortening of the sarcomeres.

Graph: Before summation to the maximum amplitude of the tension.

Front 69

Relaxation period.

Back 69

Release of crossbridges, returning Ca+2 back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Front 70

Treppe

Back 70

Warming Up effect of muscle tempurature that increases the effectiveness of muscles example of this is bringing the tempurature of the muscle to an optiomal tempurature for ATPase

Front 71

Length-tension relaitonship

Back 71

At rest, a muscle can generate the most tension, where as when contracted or stretched there is less tension due to the reduced number of overlap for cross bridge formation

Front 72

Muscle Fatigue

Back 72

Cause: insufficent free Ca+2 at teh NMJ to enter the synaptic knowb, or decreased synaptic vessicles to release neurotransmitter. Can also be attributed to a change in ion concentration which interferes with contraction. Can be attributed to phosphate increased concentration.

Front 73

Hypertrophy

Back 73

Increased muscle size due to increased numbers of mitochondria, larger glycogen reserves which results in an increase to produce ATP

Front 74

Hyperplasia

Back 74

increased number of muscle fibers

\

Front 75

smooth muscle contraction

Back 75

have netting of contractial bodies that are between dense bodys. These cells join at dense plaques

Front 76

Latch bridge mechinism

Back 76

Smooth muscle allows for the mysoin heads to always be attached to the actin.

Front 77

Smooth Muscle Contraction

The Process

Back 77

1: Ca+2 enters through Voltage gated Ca+2

2: Ca+2 binds to calmodulin

3:Light chain kinase MLCK activates the myosin heads by adding phosphate to the head.

Front 78

Glial Cells

Back 78

capable of mitosis, assist neurons with their functions. Surround neurons (myelinates). This causes a faster action potential. Types: Oligodendrocytes, Satellite Cells, Neurolemmocytes.

Front 79

Oligodendrocyte

Back 79

Mylenate and insulate CNS axons

Front 80

Satellite Cells

Back 80

Protects and regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in the ganglia

Front 81

Neurolemmocyte

Back 81

Myelinates and insulates PNS axons

Front 82

Astrocyte

Back 82

Forms blood brain barrier, regulates tissue composition, provides CNS with support

Front 83

Ependymal Cells

Back 83

Lines ventricles of brain and central canals of spinal chord, circulates cerebrospinal fluid

Front 84

Microglial cells

Back 84

defend against infetion. engulfs debris from dead or dying neurons.

Front 85

EPSP

Back 85

Excitory neurotransmitter opens Na into the cel.

Front 86

IPSP

Back 86

Allows for Cl- to enter the cell and for K+ to leave the cell. This reduces or stops the action potential.

Front 87

Velocity of an Action Potential

Back 87

Diameter = Increase in speed

Myelination = Increase in speed.

Front 88

Transducors

Back 88

Convert one kind of energy into another

Front 89

Tonic and Phasic Receptors

Back 89

Tonic: Respond at a consitant rate: Ex ear and balance

Phasic: Skin perception of pressure

Front 90

Somatic sensory receptors

Back 90

Housed in the skin and sense pressure vibration and pain.

Front 91

Visceral sensory recepotrs

Back 91

located in organs, signal stretch pain, and chemicles

Front 92

Specialc senses

Back 92

Gustation, olfaction, vision, audition, equilibrium

Front 93

Proprioceptors

Back 93

Detect location without vision

Front 94

Types of receptors

Back 94

Chemo,Thermo, Photo, Mechano, Baro, nociceptors=pain,

Front 95

Tactile discs

Back 95

Flattened nerves that are useful in detecting fine touch, sense texture or shape

Front 96

Olfaction Nerves

Back 96

Pennertrate through the Cribiform Plate (CN I)

Front 97

Olfactory Bulbs

Back 97

Concist of 2000 glomeruli which convert signals to detect faint odors

Front 98

Olfactory Senses do not go to the

Back 98

Thalamus

Front 99

Sensory reception in olfaction sends signals to

Back 99

The hypothalamus: Visceral reactions ie salavaiton

Cerebral Cortex: Perception of the smell

Amygdala: Emotion

Front 100

Gustatory Cells

Back 100

Like a tasteing hair: opens through taste bud

Front 101

Taste Kinds

Back 101

Sweet: Sugar

Salty: K+ and Na+

Sour: High H+ Concentrations

Bitter: Alkaloids

Umami: Amino Acids

Front 102

Neuroal Pathway of taste

Back 102

CN VII and CN IX send to medula oblongata to thalamus then gustatory cortex

Front 103

Nerve of Vision

Back 103

CN II

Front 104

Types of Cones

Back 104

Red Blue and Green

Front 105

Photopsin

Back 105

sensitive color to specific pigments

Front 106

In the dark, Rods:

Back 106

Na+ cannels are closed, and K+ still leaves the cell. Calcium enters the lower end of the cell, allowing for inhibitory neurotransmitter to cross to a bipolar cell. Ca+2 challels are then closed on the bipolar cell, thus no signal from the ganglion cell is sent.

Front 107

In the light: Rods

Back 107

Na+ channels are closed on the photoreceptor cell. The K+ still leaves the cell, and Ca+2 channels close, no neurotransmitter is released to the bipolar cells, this ca+2 can enter the bipolar cell and excreat neurotransmitter to the ganglion cell which sends a nerve signal to the brain.

Front 108

Order in which the inner bones of the ear are vibrated

Back 108

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Front 109

Stapes vibrates what

Back 109

Oval window

Front 110

Sound goes to the brain via which Nerves

Back 110

CN VIII

Front 111

Linerar movement detected by

Back 111

Vestibule in the Maculae, of the Utricle and saccule

Front 112

Rotational movement in the head is detected by

Back 112

Semicircular ducts

Front 113

Superior Hole of the choclear membrane

Back 113

Scala Vestibuli

Front 114

Inferior Hole of the chocleas membrane

Back 114

Scala Tympani

Front 115

Intermediate sensing sound receptor of the choclea, between the two holes

Back 115

Tectorial membrane

Front 116

tectorial membrane depresses what

Back 116

Stereocilla

Front 117

High frequency sounds

Back 117

Have higher energy and thus pass through the closer to the openings of the choclear membrane

Front 118

Low frequency sound waves

Back 118

Have less energy and cannot pass through the membrane until later

Front 119

Sound exits throught the

Back 119

round window.

Front 120

Sound passes throught the

Back 120

Found at the ends of the semicircular ducts, detects fluid movement

Front 121

Ampula

Back 121

Basilarry membrane

Front 122

Cupula

Back 122

Located in the ampula, moves and triggers hair cells that determine which way the fluid (endolymph) moves

Front 123

The largest cell hair of the Ampulla is called the

The shortest hair is called the

Back 123

Kinocilium

Stereocilla

Front 124

Nerves of taste

Back 124

CN VII, CN IX