A&p Exam 3

Front 1

Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by

Back 1

acetylcholinesterase

Front 2

Troponin is associated with which muscle protein?

Back 2

Actin

Front 3

Calcium is released by which myofiber structure

Back 3

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 4

ATP is associated with which muscle protein

Back 4

myosin

Front 5

Secretory vesicles within the axon terminus release acetylcholine into what area?

Back 5

the synaptic cleft

Front 6

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is named for its

Back 6

origin/insertion

Front 7

When extending the forearm, the triceps brachii is the....

Back 7

agonist

Front 8

Gross to fascicle to myofiber to

Back 8

myofibril

Front 9

Which of the following is NOT associated with the I band of a sarcomere?-Actin-Myosin-is bisected by the Z line-is the light band of the sarcomere

Back 9

myosin

Front 10

Myofibers can exhibit graded responses to stimuli.

Back 10

False

Front 11

Involuntary,highly aerobic, striated muscle is probably what kind of muscle?

Back 11

cardiac

Front 12

What muscle type utilizes wavelike contractions and can function when stretched?

Back 12

smooth

Front 13

"Syn"translates into....

Back 13

together

Front 14

sarcomeres are found within all but which of the following muscle types?

Back 14

smooth

Front 15

Intercalated disks are associated with which muscle type?

Back 15

cardiac

Front 16

In which direction does an efferent neuron send its signals?

Back 16

away from the cell body orCNS

Front 17

Which of the following increases the rate of neuron signal transmission?

Back 17

myelin

Front 18

"Saltatory" translates into.....

Back 18

leap or jump

Front 19

A resting potential is maintained by.....

Back 19

the Na+/K+ pump

Front 20

depolarization involves the movement of.....

Back 20

Na+ into the cell

Front 21

The minimum stimulus required for a response is termed.........

Back 21

threshold

Front 22

Non-conducting cells that support nervous tissue are called.......

Back 22

glial cells

Front 23

Which of the following is NOT associated with an action potential?

Back 23

ATP

Front 24

What can be found between Schwann cells?

Back 24

the axon

Front 25

How many axons can be seen on a multipolar neuron?

Back 25

1

Front 26

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of all but the following….

Back 26

Sensory receptors

Front 27

The “fight or flight” component of the nervous system is associated with all but which of the following?

Back 27

Sensory system

Front 28

Skeletal muscle is stimulated by which motor division of the nervous system?

Back 28

Somatic

Front 29

Afferent signals travel along which pathway?

Back 29

Sensory

Front 30

Smooth muscle is stimulated by which motor division of the nervous system?

Back 30

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 31

Ventricles…

Back 31

Contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 32

The motor component of the cerebral cortex is associated with all but which of the following?

-mood and memory

-parietal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum

-skeletal muscle movement

Back 32

Skeletal muscle movement

Front 33

Spatial discrimination (the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulate) is associated with which of the following?

Back 33

The sensory component of the cerebral cortex

Front 34

When you write with your right hand, which cerebral hemisphere initiates the action?

Back 34

Left

Front 35

The corpus callosum connects which portions of the brain?

Back 35

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 36

Which of the following serves as a “relay center’ for the cerebral cortex?

Back 36

Thalamus

Front 37

Melatonin is associated with all but which of the following?
-epithalamus
-pineal gland
-sleep cycle
-hypothalamus

Back 37

Hypothalamus

Front 38

Which of the following does not assist in coordinating heart rate and breathing rate?
-midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla oblongata

Back 38

Midbrain

Front 39

“Emotional” memory, frequently associated with the sense of smell, arises from which region of the brain?

Back 39

Limbic system

Front 40

Coordination of movement is controlled by which brain region?

Back 40

Cerebellum

Front 41

A basic reflex consists of all but which of the following?

-Receptor

-Association Neuron

-Effector

-Brain

Back 41

Brain

Front 42

The “resting and digesting”portion of the PNS is termed…

Back 42

Parasympathetic

Front 43

If the sympathetic autonomic nervous system increases heart rate, what does it do to the digestive system?

Back 43

Decreases the rate of digestion

Front 44

Which of the following exhibits the greatest diversity in neural response?
-Sensory
-Motor

Back 44

Motor

Front 45

Skeletal muscle is stimulated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic stimuli.

Back 45

False

Front 46

Skeletal muscle contraction requires nerve stimulation, calcium, and ATP. Diagram a muscle contraction (you may draw arrows from one step to the next;do NOT include relaxation here) and clearly identify the areas where nerve stimulation, calcium, and ATP are used. How many additional ATP molecules would you need in order to relax your muscle?

Back 46

1. motoraxon terminates at neuromuscular junction; vesicles within axon terminus release acetylcholine into synaptic cleft..... 2.actionpotential generated throughout interior of myofiber via t tubules....3.sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium in responseto action potential along t tubules.......4.calciumbinds to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites.....5.actin and myosin bind; ATP is released by myosin;head "swivels" (contraction occurs)........6.actionpotential ends.....7. newATP attaches to myosin; head returns to original position and "breaks" from actin......8.troponinresumes original position within troponin complex; myosin binding sites are "re-hidden"; calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum......................2 ATPs are required in order to relax your muscles.

Front 47

A skeletal muscle is named according to a particular characteristic or combination of characteristics associated with it. Explain the probable basis for the name of each of the following muscles: trapezius, sternocleidomastoid,pectoralis major, orbicularis oculi, adductor longus.

Back 47

Pectoralis Major-----Convergent muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion. Such a muscle is triangular or fan shaped.-------Sternocleidomastiod-----named according to their points of origin and insertion. The origin is always named first.------Adductor longus-----named for the movement they produce, action words such as flexo, extensor, or adductor appear in the muscle's name.-------Trapezius----Some muscles are named for their distinctive shapes.-----Orbicularis Oculi---Circular when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting.

Front 48

Organize the following elements into a final muscle:myofibers, myofilaments (actin and myosin), gross muscle, myofibrils, fascicles. Draw and label a sarcomere with the following: A band, I band, and Z line. What are the boundaries of your sarcomere? Where is myosin located? Actin? Which region(s) "shortens" during a contraction?

Back 48

Myofilaments---Myofibril---Myofiber----Fascicle----Gross Muscle.....Z disc are the boundaries......In the THICK A band....in both the THIN I and A band.....Z line to Z line shorten.

Front 49

Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions with examples of activities that would demonstrate these types of contractions. Now…provide two activity examples that would demonstrate graded response via recruitment of muscle fibers

Back 49

Isotonic contraction, "same strength"; involves motion. Picking up a book.-----Isometric, "same length"; no motion is invloved. Pushing up against a wall.--------Graded response via recruitment of muscle fibers picking up a book and picking up a golf bag.

Isotonic contractions occur when the muscles shortens (concentric contraction) or lengthens (eccentric contraction) as the load is move.----Isometric contractions occur when muscle tension produces neither shortening nor lengthening.

Front 50

Distinguish between muscle types (as per your table).

Back 50

Front 51

Draw a representative multipolar neuron. Label the following: soma, nucleus, dendrite, axon, Schwann cell, Nodes of Ranvier. Where is myelin located? Which is the receiving end? The conducting end?

Back 51

In between the layers of the Schwann cell.....Dendrites are the receiving end....along the axon is the conducting end.

Front 52

Describe how an active transport mechanism sets up a resting potential on a cell membrane. What happens during the depolarization and repolarization events of an action potential?

Back 52

during active transport The Na+/K+ pump, Na+ out, K+ in. Stimulus appear and...if threshold is met....deploration occurs resulting in Na+ in and during repolarization K+ out.

Front 53

Define the following terms: meninges, ventricle,cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). How are these terms related? What is meant by a blood-brain barrier with regard to CSF?

Back 53

Meninges: protective coverings of the central nervous system; from the most external to the most internal, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.------Ventricle: Paired, inferiority located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps; cavities in the brain.----Cerebrospinal Fluid is plasmalike fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally; protects the brain and spinal cord.----They are all characteristics of the brain---Blood brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances.

Front 54

Outline the organization of the nervous system (CNS and PNS) and give a brief description of each component.

Back 54

Front 55

Describe the functional aspects of motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex and where each can be located within the cerebrum.

Back 55

Motor is voluntary and located in the frontal lobe. Aids in skeletal muscle movement; repetitious/learned skills, mechanics of speech, and eye muscles----Sensory is involuntary and located in the Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital Lobes. Aids in spatial discrimination, association, vision, audition, gustation, olfaction.-----Association is mixed; aids in cognition, intellect, language cognition, mood, memory, personality, perception.

Front 56

What is meant by contralateral control with regard to the cerebral cortex? Explain how asymmetry appears in the cortex. What connects the left and right hemispheres so that both hemispheres "communicate"with each other?

Back 56

Contralateral (relates to the opposite side) each hemisphere is concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body-----(Lateralization, not equal in function)----asymmetry means there is a division of labor where each hemisphere has abilities not completely shared by its partner. 90% of people are "left dominant"------ Corpus Callosum connects left and right hermispheres.

Front 57

Why is the thalamus (translates to "bark") frequently described as a "relay center" for the cerebral cortex? To which brain region is the pituitary attached? The pineal gland? Which gland is associated with sleep cycles?

Back 57

- --Thalamus is the relay station for impulses traveling to and from the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum. Function in directing sensory input to the appropriate place in the cerebral cortex.---pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus.----Pineal Gland is attached to the Epithalamus.------The pineal gland is associated with the sleep cycle.

Front 58

Explain the survival advantages seen by having the following brain components: corporaquadrigemina, pons, medulla oblongata, limbic system.

Back 58

corporaquadrigemina, visual and auditory reflexes------pons, maintains breathing and rhythm, sets a rhythm for breathing, regulating respiration -----medulla oblongata, sets a rhythm for our heart, regulate respiratory rhythm, heart rate, and blood pressure. ------limbic system, memory associated with smell (spoiled milk), and maintains the alert state of the cerebral cortex (Reticular system) "awareness" .

Front 59

Diagram a reflex arc. Distinguish between basic and learned reflexes.

Back 59

learned reflexes are from repetition or practice, they are automatic. ----basic reflexes you are aware, your brain thinks, Ex. you drop a pot of boiling water you move your body out of the way because you know you will get burned.

Front 60

Differentiate between somatic and autonomic nervous divisions with regard to muscle type stimulated. Which are you most likely to be using after a Thanksgiving dinner (be specific)? When running to catch a bus (be specific)?

Back 60

Somatic stimulates skeletal muscle.....Automatic nervous system innervates(stimulates) Cardiac and smooth muscle....after a thanksgiving dinner you will be using the parasympathetic (rest and digest) where you body keeps energy as low as possible blood pressure and heart rate regulated at low normal levels, stomach digest food. In order to catch a bus you will be using the Sympathetic (fight or flight) digestion stops, visceral blood vessels constricts, shunting blood to active skeletal muscles and vigorously working heart, dilated bronchioles in the lungs, increasing air flow, stimulates liver to release more glucose into the blood to accommodate the increase energy needs of body cells.

Front 61

Left hemisphere is dominant

Back 61

Specialized for language and mathematical skills

Front 62

Right Hemisphere is dominant

Back 62

Visual spatial skills and creative endeavors.