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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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London Joint-Stock Company |
A company formed by the investors in the new settlements, which allowed the group to share the cost and risk of establishing a colony. |
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Mayflower Compact |
A legal contract in which the male passengers aboard the Mayflower agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good at Plymouth in Massachusetts. It was an attempt at self-governance. |
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Middle Passage |
A stage of the triangular trade route where millions of slaves from Africa were shipped on a small boat on a 3 month voyage across the Atlantic to the new world as a part of the Atlantic slave trade. |
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The Seven Years War |
A war fought between England and France in Europe as a result of the French and Indian war in North America. |
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Act of Toleration |
A bill that was made to reduce tensions between the Catholics and Protestants in Maryland, which made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians. |
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Puritans |
Protestants that wanted to reform or purify, the Church of England. |
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Militia |
A group of civilians that are trained to fight in emergencies. George Washington was sent with a militia to build a fort on the Ohio River. |
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Tobacco |
A crop grown in Virginia due to John Rolfe, who introduced it to Jamestown to prevent it from a financial crisis. |
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Quakers |
The Society of Friends, who were a large religious group in New Jersey, did not follow formal religious practices, dressed plainly, believed in gender equality, supported non-violence, and religious tolerance for all people. |
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The Vikings |
The first Europeans to reach America in 1001 AD, led by Leif Erikson. They did not leave any permanent settlements. |
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Thomas Hooker |
A minister who was the founder of Connecticut. |
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William Penn |
A wealthy English gentlemen who founded Pennsylvania. He belonged to a Protestant group of dissenters called Quakers, and created Pennsylvania as a place where Quakers can peacefully live, without the threat of being persecuted by Catholics. |
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Captain John Smith |
An English captain who took over Virginia and built a fort in 1608. He saved the colony from dying by forcing then to work harder and also made allies with the Powhatan Native American tribe. |
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Benjamin Franklin |
A founding father of the United States, who had an influence on the colonies at the time. He created the "Join or Die" political cartoon in order to get the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War so that they could win. |
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Pocahontas |
The daughter of the Powhatan leader and the wife of John Rolfe. She was the first Native American Christian. |
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Christopher Columbus |
An Italian Explorer who explored for Spain. He was the first European to discover America. He was originally searching for a path to India, but landed in the West Indies instead. |
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Cortes |
Cortes was a Spanish conquerer, who conquered the ancient Mexican civilization of the Aztecs by killing their emperor, Montezuma. He brought many of the Aztecs gold and treasure and contributed to help making Spain the most powerful European nation at that time. |
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The Powhatan |
A Native American tribe that helped the colonists survive after Smith made an agreement with them. They brought food and taught the colonies how to farm corn. A Powhatan leader was killed by the colonies and fighting struck between them. |
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The Iroquois Confederacy |
This group of Native American tribes were the most important group pin the French and Indian War. They plated the French and English against each other for years, very cleverly. Eventually, the powerful group sided with the English, causing the playing field to be even, and helped lead the British to victory. |
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William Pitt |
A wartime political leader who took control of the British in North America during the French and Indian War. Even though the colonists were arguing about the cost of the war, he declared that Britain would pay for the supplies needed for the war, no matter what cost. Britain was left with a huge debt due to him. |
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James Oglethorpe |
A general who founded Georgia, where debtors/poor people could have a fresh start and so that it could act as a boundary between Spanish and the colonies. |
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Motives for European Exploration (list 7) |
- To gain more land - To search for gold or treasure - To become a more powerful country - To seek religious freedom - To find new trade routes to Asia - To spread religion - To expand knowledge |
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Massachusetts founders |
John Carver and William Bradford |
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New Hampshire founders |
Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason |
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North Carolina and South Carolina founders |
Group of 8 aristocrats |
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New England Colonies |
The New England colonies were: Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island |
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Middle Colonies |
The Middle colonies were: New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania |
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Southern Colonies |
The Southern Colonies were: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia |
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Economy of New England Colonies |
Merchants, Fishing, Shipbuilding and Skilled Craftspeople |
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Economy of Middle Colonies |
Agriculture/Farming, Skilled Laborers(slaves), and Merchants |
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Economy of Southern Colonies |
Agriculture, Merchants, and Slave trade/labor |
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Groups within French and Indian War |
French, British, and Native Americans |
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Result of French and Indian War |
Britain win and gain most land East of Mississippi River, Canada, and Florida. Spain gets land west of Mississippi River and port of New Orleans. France lost its land in North America. |
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Message of the "Join or Die" political cartoon |
Colonies must unite to defeat the French in French and Indian War. |
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What land was being disputed in the French and Indian War? |
The Ohio River Valley |
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Founder of Rhode Island |
Roger Williams |
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Founders of New York |
Dutch settlers |
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Founders of Delaware |
Swedish settlers |
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Founders of New Jersey |
John Berkeley and George Carteret |
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Founder of Pennsylvania |
William Penn |
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Founder of Connecticut |
Thomas Hooker |
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Founder of Virginia |
John Smith |
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Founder of Maryland |
Cecil Calvert |
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Founder of Georgia |
James Oglethorpe |
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Hessains |
German mercenaries in the British army in America during the Revolutionary War |
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Loyalists |
American colonists who remained loyal to the kingdom of Great Britain, 20% of colonists. Ratio of 1:5 (Loyalists to Patriots) |
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Patriots |
American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. |
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Valley Forge |
In Dec. 1777, Washington settled his men in Valley Forge while waiting for French forces. |
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Treaty of Paris (1783) |
The recognition of the end of the Revolitionary War: gave America its recognition for independence. It was signed on Sep. 3 ,1783 |
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Treaty of Paris (1763) |
The recognition of the end of the Seven Years War. It was signed on Feb. 10, 1763. |
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3 most identified Unalienable Rights |
Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness |
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Guerilla Warfare |
The Southern Patriots switched to swift hit-and-run attacks |
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Declaration of Independence |
Wrote by Thomas Jefferson, it was the document to declare the colonies free from British rule on July 4, 1776. |
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American allies |
European countries who assisted the colonies in the Revolutionary War by suppling supplies, money, and weapons. Ex. France and Spain |
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Thomas Jefferson |
The principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third president of the US, as well as founding father. |
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Abigail Adams |
Wife of John Adams, she was trying to convince her husband to include woman in the Declaration of Independence. She stated "...remember the ladies..." |
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General John Burgoyne |
A British army officer, politician, and dramatist. He was the leader officer of the British in the Battle of Saratoga, who surrendered his army of 6,000 men to American troops |
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William Dawes |
One of the men who alerted colonial minutemen of the approach of the British army troops prior to the battle of Lexington and Concord. |
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George Washington |
The first president of the United States (served 2 terms), commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, and one of the founding fathers |
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John Adams |
Second President of the United States (served 1 term), Vice President during George Washington's terms (served 2 terms as vice president), founding father of the USA. |
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John Jay |
An American statesmen, Patriot, diplomat, and founding father of the USA. He was the Chief Justice of the USA |
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Thomas Paine |
A motivational writer and publisher who wrote a phamplet known as Common Sense to explain why the colonists should be a separate country from Great Britian. |
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Horatio Gates |
An American General and the leader of the continental army during the Battle of Saratoga. |
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General Clinton |
A British Army General who commanded the British Army and led the attack on Charles Town, South Carolina in early 1780, which was a British victory. |
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Battle of Long Island (1776) |
In June, less than 20,000 Continentals fought against 32,000 British troops. Continentals suffered heavy casualties. It was a British victory. |
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Battle of Trenton (1776) |
On Christmas Day, Washington crossed the Delaware River and snuck up on the hessians while they were partying. It was inevitable a Patriot victory. The effect on the war was that is boosted the spirits of the Patriots who were loosing the war. |
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Battle of Saratoga (1777) |
On Oct. 17, Burgoyne's Army surrendered to American troops under the command of Horatio Gates, resulting in American victory. The effect of the war was that is was a turning point in the way and re-inspired Patriot troops. |
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Battle of Charlestown (1780) |
In early 1780, the British, under command of General Clinton, defeated the Patriots, resulting in British victory. It was the Patriots's worst defeat in the war, which brought confidence levels of the Patriots down. |
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Battle of Yorktown (1781) |
On October 19, the British surrendeted to the Patriots and French armies. Washington's troops met the existing troops in Yorktown. The American and French troops trapped British troops on Yorktown Peninsula. Then, the French Navy showed up and caused the British to surrender. It was the final battle and America won independence. |
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4 Parts of Declaration of Independence |
Preamble, Declaration of Natural Rights, List of Grievances, and Resolution of Independence |
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Which colonial region depended on agriculture? |
All of them: New England, Middle, Southern colonies |
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Which Act passed by Congress was meant to reduce smuggling? |
Sugar Act |
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What was the Proclamation of 1763? |
The boundary set by King George 3 along the App. Mts. which was set so the colonists would not expand west of it. |
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Who formed the Sons of Liberty? |
Samuel Adams |
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What was the Boston Massacre? |
Where British redcoats fired at an angry crowd of colonists, killing 5 people. |
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What factors harmed Jamestown? |
Famine, Disease, Environmental Issues, Harsh Climate, Native Americans |
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Committees of Correspondence |
Committee formed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1760's to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws |
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Writs of Assistance |
A written order that allowed custom officers to check any area they wanted to look for smuggled goods in. |
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Unalienable Rights |
Natural Rights that are given at birth and cannot be taken, or separated, away from you. |
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Continental Army |
The army created by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to defend the American colonies from Britain. |
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Propaganda |
Information, Ideas, or Rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person or group |
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Boston Tea Party |
A protest against the Tea Act in which a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded a British Tea Ship and dumped more than 340 chests of Tea into the Boston Harbor. |
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Olive Branch Petition |
A petition to the King asking to restore harmony between Britain and the colonies. It was rejected. |
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Lexington and Concord |
The first battles of the American Revolutionary War. At lexington, the British defeated the colonists, killing 8 men. At Concord and the march back to Boston, colonists defeated the British, killing about 250 Redcoats. |
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First Continental Congress |
A meeting of the colonial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respond to the closing of the Boston Harbor, increased taxes, and abused the authority by British government; delegates petitioned King George 3, listing the freedoms they believed colonists should enjoy. |
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Sons of Liberty |
An organization where members took the streets to protest the Stamp Act. They raided and destroyed any houses belonging to the royal officials and marched through the streets shouting only Americans can tax Americans. |
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Samuel Adams |
A colonial leader and a founding father. He formed the Sons of Liberty in 1765 and was a Patriot. He was the founder of the Committees of Correspondence and a delegate in the Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence. |
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Samuel Prescott |
A physician and a Patriot during the Revolutionary War. He rode with Williams Dawes and Paul Revere when they were warning the colonists the Redcoats were coming. He was the only of of the three to reach Concord. |
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Crispus Attucks |
An African American man who took part in the Boston Massacre and one of the first colonists to be shot dead instantly. |
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Sugar Act (1764) |
The main purpose was to reduce smuggling of goods in the colonies by lowering taxes on molasses. This affected the colonies as many local merchant shops were put out of business due to low British prices, causing economy to go bad. |
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Stamp Act (1765) |
Parliament passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue for the British national debt. This affected the colonists and taxes were put on all printed materials. They came up with taxation without representation and formed the Sons of Liberty. |
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Townshend Acts (June of 1767) |
The purpose of these acts was the raise revenue and not to upset the colonists with too heavy taxes. The effect on the colonists was that they were taxed on imported goods. Also, their rights to privacy were taken away since the Townshend Acts were enforced with the Writs of Assistance. |
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Tea Act (1773) |
Parliament passed the Tea Act to reduce smuggling. It allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies, so that the cheaper tea will be bought and smuggling would be reduce.d The effect on the colonists was that smugglers and local merchants were run out of business by the cheaper British product. |
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Intolerable Acts (1774) |
The purpose to pass these acts was to punish Boston and Massachusetts for their actions during the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Harbor was shut down, the Massachusetts Charter was canceled, and royal officials could get away with crimes against colonists since they were now given an easier trial. |
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Quartering Act (1774) |
Parliament passed this Act so they wouldn't have to take care of their troops overseas and wouldn't have to support them financially. The colonists had to take this responsibility now and allow the troops to stay in their homes. This involved feeding them and taking care of them. |
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What was the purpose of Paul Revere's engraving? |
To make the British look bad |
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What caused most of the tension between the colonists and the British? |
Taxation without representation |
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What did the Anti-Federalists want put in the Constitution before it was ratified? |
The Bill of Rights to secure individual rights. |
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Who inspired many Patriots to rise with the famous quote "...but for me, give me liberty or give me death" |
Patrick Henry |
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Who was the leader of the Green Mountain Boys? |
Ethan Allen |
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What did the XYZ affair cause? |
An undeclared naval war with France and the Alien and Sedition Acts |
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What is one check the Executive Branch has on the Legislative Branch? |
Can veto legislation |
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What is a check the Executive Branch has on the Judicial Branch? |
It appoints judges |
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What is a check the Legislative Branch has on the Executive Branch? |
Can override veto; can impeach president; can reject presidential appointments and refuse to approve treaties |
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What is a check the Legislative Branch has on the Judicial Branch? |
Can impeach judges; can reject appointment of judges |
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What is a check the Judicial Branch has on the Executive Branch? |
It can declare acts of the president unconstitutional |
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What is a check the Judicial Branch has on the Legislative Branch? |
It can declare laws unconstitutional |
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John Hancock |
Leader of the Continental Congress and first to sign Declaration of Independence |
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Problems of the Articles of Confederation (List) |
- could not enforce taxes - could not enforce laws - had no national army - laws required 9/13 majority to pass in Congress - could not regulate trade - no national court system |
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Was Captain Preston found guilty or innocent of ordering fire in the Boston Massacre? |
He was found innocent |
