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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Truman Doctrine |
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology |
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Vietnamization |
President Nixon's program of turning over to the South Viatnemese government the responsibility for waging the conflict so that the US military could withdraw. |
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Iron Curtain |
Used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the imaginary divider/line between democratic and communist countries |
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Covenant Communities |
Formed based on principles of the Mayflower Compact & Puritan religious beliefs |
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Great Awakening |
Religious movement that swept through Europe and the colonies. Led to the rise in evangelical churches in America. Led to the idea of separation of church and state. |
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Enlightenment |
Period in 17th and 18th centuries when new ideas developed about the rights of people and their relationship with their rulers |
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John Locke |
Said all people are free, equal, and have "natural rights" |
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Common Sense |
Pamphlet that challenged the rule of the King of England over the American colonies |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains because it was too expensive to station troops there for the colonists' protection. |
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First Continental Congress |
The first meeting where all the colonies (except Georgia) worked together to resist British rule. Still thought of themselves as loyal Englishment, though. |
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Minutemen |
Massachusetts colonial militia who fought in the Revolutionary War and were always ready to fight "in a minute". Key at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. |
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First battle of the Revolutionary War |
Lexington and Concord |
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Reasons Loyalists were loyal to England |
Had economic and cultural ties |
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Ben Franklin |
Diplomat who negotiated the alliance treaty with France during the American Revolution |
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Articles of Confederation |
A document that established the new gov't directly after the revolution. First attempt at a national gov't. |
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Characteristics of the Constitution |
Share power between national and state governments, protected rights of states, provided for system of orderly change (amendments) |
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James Madison |
Author of the Bill of Rights, "Father of the Constitution", created the VA Plan |
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George Mason |
Author of the VA Declaration of Rights which influenced the nat'l Bill of Rights |
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Democratic Republicans |
Party that wanted a weak nat'l gov't & and agricultural economy |
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John Marshall |
Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court in early 1800s. His influence helped strengthen the Judicial branch and increase the overall power of the federal gov't |
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Judicial Review |
The power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
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Oregon/Florida |
What lands did America gain due to the War of 1812? |
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Monroe Doctrine 1823 |
Europe should not colonize any American continents in the future. It would be considered a threat to the peace and safety of the US. |
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Cotton Gin |
Contributed to the spread of the slavery based "Cotton Kingdom" in the Deep South |
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Manifest Destiny |
It was America's destiny to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific |
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Presidential Veto |
The power granted to the President to prevent passage of legislation. President Andrew Jackson was the first President to really take advantage of this power. |
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Andrew Jackson |
Considered the "Common Man's President". When property/tax restrictions were lifted on white men, he benefitted from their increased participation in politics. Used the Spoils System to reward supporters. |
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Compromise of 1850 |
California admitted as a free state, new SW territories (from Mexican-American War) granted popular sovereignty, and tougher Fugitive Slave Laws |
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Great Compromise |
Created a two-house legislature. Combined parts of the VA Plan and the NJ Plan. Balanced representation between small and large states in Congress. |
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Federal Reserve |
Agency that creates monetary policy decision & controls the supply of money and credit to expand or contract economic growth. |
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Reagan Revolution |
In recognition of the political realignment both within and beyond the US in favor of his brand of conservatism and his faith in free markets. Wanted: smaller federal gov't, stronger US military, and tax cuts (Reaganomics) |
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Sally Ride |
First female American astronaut |
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John F. Kennedy |
Pledged increased support for the American space program. Promised we'd land on the moon by the end of the 1960s. |
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US Supreme Court |
Includes many women and minorities, such as Sandra Day O'Connor & Ruth Bader Ginsberg, and Clarence Thomas. |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
Signed by President Johnson, it outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes for voting. Sent federal registrars to the south to register voters. Resulted in an increase in African American voters. |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
Signed by President Johnson, it prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. |
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17th Amendment |
Direct election of US Senators. Prior to this, Senators were chosen by state legislators. |
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18th Amendment |
Prohibited the consumption or sale of alcohol. |
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16th Amendment |
Established income tax. |
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19th Amendment |
Gave women suffrage. |
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1963 March on Washington |
Helped influence public opinion to support civil rights legislation. |
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NAACP |
Challenged segregation in the South through a series of court cases. |
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Brown v. Board of Education |
Supreme Court decision that segregated schools are unequal and must desegregate. |
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Ronald Reagan |
Challenged the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union. For example, challenged the USSR to tear down the Berlin Wall. |
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Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika |
Fast-paced reforms: Openness & economic restructuring. |
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Reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union |
Increasing military expenses to compete with US. Rising nationalism in Soviet republics. Fast-paced reforms. Economic inefficiency. |
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George H. W. Bush |
President when: the Berlin Wall fell, USSR collapsed, Operation Desert Storm/War in the Persian Gulf, when Yugoslavia first began to struggle in their own civil war (Bosnian War), & when women were first allowed to serve in combat during war. |
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William "Bill" Clinton |
President when: US recognized Vietnam (1995), NATO intervention in Bosnian War (Yugoslavia), NAFTA, end of apartheid in South Africa |
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George W. Bush |
President when: 9/11, Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Patriot Act |
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Area that benefited the most from heavy military expenditures during the Cold War |
Northern VA and the Hampton Roads area |
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McCarthyism |
Played on American fears of communism by recklessly accusing many American government officials (and others) of being communist based on flimsy or no evidence. |
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Alger Hiss |
Convicted of perjury after being accused of spying (espionage) for the Soviet Union. Increased domestic fears of communism. |
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Ethel and Julius Rosenberg |
Convicted and executed for espionage--using technical secrets obtained through spying and the construction of nuclear materials for the USSR. Increased domestic fears of communism. |
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Bay of Pigs |
An attempt to invade Cuba & overthrow Castro. Failed and led to Cuba aligning itself further with the USSR. |
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NATO |
Formed as a defensive alliance among the US and western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion and the spread of communism. |
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United Nations |
Formed near the end of WWII to create a body for the nations of the world to try & prevent future global wars. |
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Marshall Plan |
Massive financial aid to rebuild European economies & prevent the spread of communism. |
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Japan |
After WWII, occupied by US. Soon adopted a democratic form of gov't. Now self-governing and a strong ally of the US. |
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Germany |
After WWII, divided between democratic countries and Soviet forces. |
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Why were the Japanes placed in internment camps? |
Strong anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast. False belief that they were aiding the enemy. |
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Rationing |
This was used to maintain the supply of essential products to the war effort and front lines. |
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Nuremburg Trials |
Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes. Emphasized individual responsibility for actions regardless of orders received. Led to an increased demand for a Jewish homeland. |
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Final Solution |
Germany's decision to exterminate all Jews. |
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Bataan Death March |
American POWs suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after the surrender of the Philippines. |
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Which arena of war did not follow the Geneva Convention? |
Pacific |
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Geneva Convention |
Series of treaties that attempt to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all countries. |
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Navajo |
Communication codes, using the Navajo dialect, that were used over the radio. It was an oral, not written, language and was impossible for the Japanese to break. |
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El Alemein |
German forces theatened to seize the Suez Canal and Middle Eastern oil supplies. Defeated by the British. |
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After Pearl Harbor |
Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia. Planned to invade Australia and Hawaii but was stopped after Midway. |
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Defeat Hitler First |
Strategy where most American military resources were targeted for Europe |
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates |
The 2 candidates met in a series of debates while running for the US Senate in Illinois. Lincoln gave the famous "house divided against itself cannot stand" line. |
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Quote by FDR "Its like lending a garden hose to a next door neighbor whose house is on fire" about which act? |
Lend-Lease Act |
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Lend-Lease Act |
Gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis powers. |
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Social Security Act |
New Deal program that offered safeguards for workers & provided unemployment assistance. |
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) |
New Deal reform program that corrected unsound banking & investment practices and insured people's deposits in the bank. |
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New Deal |
FDR's program during the Great Depression that changed the role of gov't to be more active in solving problems |
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Impact of Great Depression |
Unemployment, homelessness, collapse of the financial system, bank closings, decline in demand for goods |
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Causes of the Great Depression |
Collapse of stock prices, Stock Market Crash, buying stock on credit, collapse of nation's banks, high protective tariffs |
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VA Statute for Religious Freedom & VA Declaration of Rights |
Documents that influenced the Bill of Rights. |
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Father of Constitution (led debate and kept copious notes at the convention), author of the VA Plan, wrote the Bill of Rights |
James Madison |
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Author of the VA Declaration of Rights |
George Mason |
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Author of the VA Statute for Religious Freedom, which influenced the first amendment |
Thomas Jefferson |
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Presided over the Constitutional Convention and lent his prestige to the proceedings |
George Washington |
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3/5ths Compromise |
Placated the Southern states by counting slaves as 3/5ths of the population when determining representation in the House of Reps |
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Representation is based on a state's population and, thus, favors big states |
House of Representatives |
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Representation is equal for all states |
Senate |
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Marbury v. Madison |
Involved Midnight Judges. Established Judicial Review. |
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McCulloch v. Maryland |
Established Implied Powers. Prohibited taxation of a federal institution because the "Power to tax is the power to destroy". |
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Gibbons v. Ogden |
Stated that the federal gov't governs interstate commerce. Called the "steamboat case". |
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Election of 1800 |
Won by Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, and was the first election in which power was peacefully transferred from one political party to another. |
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Mexican Cession |
Lands gained from the Mexican-American War in the 1840s. Includes California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico |
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Lousiana Purchase |
Jefferson purchased from France. Doubled the size of the US. Was unconstitutional. Used this to secure the New Orleans port. |
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War of 1812 |
British interference with American shipping (impressments) and western expansionism fueled the call for a declaration of this war. Federalist Party opposed. |
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Characteristics of the election of Andrew Jackson in the "Age of the Common Man" |
Heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for white males, rise of interest group politics & sectional issues, changing style of campaigning, increased voter participation |
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Favored high protective tariffs to protect manufactured goods from foreign competition |
North |
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Missouri Compromise (1820) |
Drew and east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase with slavery prohibited above (except for Missouri) the line and allowed below. Missouri became the 12th slave state. Maine became the 12th free state. |
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Led slave revolts in VA. Caused the implementation of harsher slave laws due to fears over rebellions |
Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser |
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Viewed slavery as against Christian principles. Editor of The Liberator. |
William Lloyd Garrison |
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Little lady who started the great war with her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. |
Harriet Beecher Stowe |
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Emancipation Proclamation |
Issued after the battle of Antietam. Freed slaves in rebellious areas only. Allowed former slaves to join the Union Army. |
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Issued the Declaration of Sentiments or the Seneca Falls Declaration--a Dec of Independence for women |
Senaca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony. |
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Confederate General of the Army of Northern VA. Opposed secession but did not believe in force holding country together. Urged Southerns to accept defeat & unite as Americans again. Surrender at Appomattox. Later President of Washington College. |
Robert E. Lee |
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Union General. Reconstruction President. |
Ullyses S. Grant |
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Lincoln's beliefs about Reconstruction |
"With malice towards none and charity for all, to bind up the nation's wounds" |
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Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive program |
Square Deal |
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Woodrow Wilson's Progressive program |
New Freedom |
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Woodrow Wilson's stated motivation for WWI |
"Make the world safe for democracy" |
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Open Door Policy |
Proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China but must obey Chinese law. |
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Proposed the Open Door Policy |
Secretary of State John Hay |
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Dollar Diplomacy |
Taft urged Americans to invest in Latin America. Promised that the US would step in if unrest threatened investments. |
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John Adams and Alexander Hamilton |
Federalists |
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George Mason and Patrick Henry |
Anti-Federalists |
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Believed in a strong national government and commercial economy |
Federalists |
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Believed in a weak national government, strong state governments, and advocated for a Bill of Rights to be added to the constitution |
Anti-Federalists |
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Turning point of the American Revolution, led to France becoming an ally |
Saratoga |
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Decisive battle of the American Revolution |
Yorktown |
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First confrontation of Civil War, happened after SC seceeded following Lincoln's election |
Ft Sumter |
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North finally got a huge win in the Civil War |
Gettysburg |
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Bloodiest single day of fighting in Civil War |
Antietam |
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Started WWII |
Invastion of Poland by Germany and USSR |
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Causes of WWI |
Unrestricted submarine warfare and ties to Great Britain |
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Germany tried to defeat Britain as it was the last European country standing |
Battle of Britain |
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Kept Germany from Soviet oil and put them on the run from the eastern front |
Stalingrad |
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Liberated Western Europe, put Germany on the run back to Berlin |
D-Day/Invasion of Normany/Operation Overlord |
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Led all Allied forces in Operation Overlord |
Eisenhower |
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Got American forces closer to mainland Japan after brutal fighting over every single square inch |
Iwo Jima and Okinawa |
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Last battle of WWII |
Okinawa |
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Led to V-J Day |
Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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Believed in vocation education over immediate equality |
Booker T. Washington |
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Wanted immediate equality. Help found the NAACP. |
W.E.B. DuBois |
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Overturned Plessy v. Fergoson |
Brown v. Board of Education |
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Investigative journalists who try to bring issues to the light of the public |
Muckrakers |
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Wrote The Jungle about meat packing industry |
Upton Sinclair |
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Advocated for the end to lynching |
Ida B. Wells |
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Oil titan |
Rockefeller |
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Steel titan |
Carnegie |
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Created a new process for producing steel |
Bessemer |
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Leader in Finance |
J.P. Morgan |
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Railrood tycoon |
Vanderbilt |
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Movement to reform problems caused by industrialization using gov't |
Progressive |
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Dramatically increased military presence in Vietnam |
President Johnson |
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Our goal during the Cold War |
contain communism |
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Had a more cooperative relationship with Indians because dealt in the fur trade (not agricultural) and did not settle over here in large numbers. |
French |
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Cash crops |
Tobacco, rice, indigo |
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Which area dealt in trading due to their large seaports |
Mid-Atlantic Region (Middle Colonies) |
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Came for religious freedom |
Puritans |
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Started Rhode Island to escape intoleration by the Puritans |
Religious dissenters |
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Founded as a haven for Catholics |
Maryland |
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Debtor's colony, used as a buffer between the rest of the colonies and the Indians |
Georgia |
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Famous battle where Texan in revolt against Mexico overwhelmingly lost. This battle inspired the rest of the Texans to continue the fight against Mexico's Santa Anna. |
The Alamo |
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High tariff put in place to protect American manufactured goods but ended up strangling world trade after other countries retaliated with their own protective tariffs. |
Hawley-Smoot Tariff |
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Sharing of power between the federal gov't and state governments |
Federalism |
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Had to take on non-traditional roles during the Civil War such as running the family farm |
Women |
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Conditions of life as a Civil War soldier |
brutal hand to hand combat followed by long stretches of boredom |
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Slave who sue for freedom after his owner moved to a territory where slavery was prohibeted |
Dred Scott |
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Overturned all efforts to limit the spread of slavery. Ruled that slaves were citizens and, therefore, could not sue in court. |
Dred Scott Case |
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Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act |
Bleeding/Bloody Kansas and the birth of the Republican Party |
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Overturned/repealed the Missouri Compromise by allowing territories where slavery was previously prohibited to now use popular sovereignty |
Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Senator who would accuse many of communism with little proof. This damaged their reputations and often cost them their jobs. |
Joseph McCarthy |
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Man who because President after Lincoln was assassinated. |
Andrew Johnson |
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The group that took over Reconstruction after Lincoln was assassinated. |
Radical Republicans |
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Ended military occupation in the South, led to the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, opened the door to the Jim Crow Era |
Compromise of 1877 |
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Name of the office in charge of WWII propaganda |
War Information Office |
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Nisei Regiment |
Asian-American unit that fought in Europe earning distinction. |
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Used trench warfare, machine guns, poison gas |
WWI |
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Parties that rose up to challenge the Democratic Party after the Federalist party died. |
Know-Nothings and the Whigs |
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These issues led to the rise of two political parties in early America. |
Constitutionality of a nat'l bank, Jay's Treaty, the undeclared war on France |
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The election of Lincoln in 1860 led to: |
secession of several southern states including South Carolina |
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Japanese invasion of Manchuria and China led to: |
US embargo on oil and steel |
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After the Civil War, he became an ambassador to Haiti |
Frederick Douglass |
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President of the Confederacy |
Jefferson Davis |
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Changed the Civil War's goal from uniting the country to ending slavery. Discouraged Britain and France from interfering. |
Emancipation Proclamation. |
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Burnt to the ground as part of the destruction of the South during the Civil War. |
Atlanta and Richmond |
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How we know what life was like for soldiers during the Civil War: |
Wartime diaries and letters home. |
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Why was the Berlin Wall built? |
To keep Eastern Berliners from escaping to the West. It was embarrassing for the USSR how many people were trying to escape to democratic areas. |
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Sunk by the Germans and thus contributed to America's desire to enter WWI: |
Lusitania |
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Where poor English and Scots-Irish settled to work as independent traders, hunters, and subsistence farmers: |
Appalachian foothills in the Southern colonies. |
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More loyal to the Church of England. Came over for economic opportunity. |
Southern colonies |
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Purpose of a series of compromises during the Antebellum period |
Maintain balance in Congress between free and slave states. |
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Where did African Americans migrate in the years following the Civil War? |
North in search of jobs and more economic opportunity. Also to escape persecution in the South. |
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Where did Americans migrate during early American history in search of land and more economic opportunity? |
West! Midwest, Texas, and Southwest. |
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Supreme Court case that said "separate but equal" was legal and NOT a violation of the Constitution. |
Plessy v. Ferguson |
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Which amendment did Plessy v. Ferguson say "separate but equal" did NOT violate? |
14th Amendment |
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Where did New Immigrants mostly come from after 1871? |
Southern and Eastern Europe. Asia. |
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Where did Old Immigrants mostly come from before 1871? |
Northern and Western Europe. |
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Law that prohibited anything that "restrains trade". Forbid monopolies/trusts. Unions ended up being prosecuted under this law. |
Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
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Law that added teeth to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and stated that unions do not "restrain trade" and are legal. |
Clayton Anti-Trust Act |
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Referendum |
Legislation is referred to the people to vote on through the ballot. |
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Initiative |
Citizens "take the initiative" and create legislation for the people to vote on through the ballot. |
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Recall |
Removing, through the ballot, public officials that are deemed corrupt/incompetent. |
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Nullification Crisis |
South Carolina claimed, in the 1830s, that if federal law was not fair then it was not applicable to their state and, therefore, could be nullified. Almost led to a civil war when Jackson threatened to send troops in order to enforce the law. |
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How was direct democracy practiced in the colonies? |
New England town meetings where the town's men met in a church to cast a majority rule vote. |
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Where was representative democracy practiced in the colonies? |
VA House of Burgesses in the VA colony. |
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Knights of Labor blamed for a bomb going off that killed several including policemen during a strike. "Killed" the Knights of Labor. Occurred in Chicago. |
Haymarket Strike |
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Strike that tied up railway traffic. Ended with a court injunction. Located in Chicago. |
Pullman Strike |
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Strike at the Carnegie steel plant. Ended in violence. |
Homestead Strike |
