Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the signs of a bacterial infection?
|
High fever (103F)
Large volume stools Bloody diarrhea Severe abdominal pain >6 stools / 24 hrs Diarrhea > 7 days |
|
|
Signs of a viral infection?
|
Low grade fever
Small volume stools Watery diarrhea Mild to moderate epigastric pain <6 stools / 24 hrs Nausea & Vomiting |
|
|
Tests for parasites?
|
Ova & Parasites
Immunoassay Modified acid-fast stain |
|
|
Positive fecal leukocytes indicates what?
|
inflammatory process is present
|
|
|
Infectious causes of a positive fecal leukocyte?
|
Shigella
Salmonella Invasive E Coli Yersinia C. dificile Aeromonoas (Vibrio) Pleisiomonas |
|
|
Non-infectious causes of positive fecal leukocyte?
|
IBD
Radiation colitis Ischemic colitis |
|
|
What are the 2 main intestinal viruses?
|
Norovirus and Rotavirus
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea?
|
Norovirus
|
|
|
Facts about Norovirus
|
Norovirus
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea Infects all age groups Contaminated food & water OR person-to-person N/V/D, abdominal cramping, HA Symptoms last 12-72 hours |
|
|
Symptoms of Norovirus?
|
Symptoms last 12-72 hours
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal cramps Headache |
|
|
Which virus is mainly seen in children < 5yrs old?
|
Rotavirus
|
|
|
Facts about Rotavirus
|
Rotavirus
Usually infants & children Seasonal dz Spread by fecal-oral route Watery diarrhea Fever Vomiting Respiratory sx Incubation period 1-4 days |
|
|
Which intestinal virus often has respiratory symptoms?
|
Rotavirus
|
|
|
Symptoms of Rotavirus?
|
Watery diarrhea
Fever Vomiting Respiratory symptoms |
|
|
Which virus is mainly seen in infants and young children, and is seasonal?
|
Rotovirus
|
|
|
Which virus is seen in all ages, all year round?
|
Norovirus
|
|
|
What are the most common bacterial pathogens?
|
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella Shigella E Coli Vibrio |
|
|
Most common bacterial enteric pathogen in USA?
|
Campylobacter
|
|
|
How is Campylobacter spread?
|
undercooked meat / dairy products
peak incidence in summer when people are grilling |
|
|
Symptoms of Campylobacter?
|
Symptoms last 7-10 days
Abdominal discomfort Cramping Bloody diarrhea chills No antibiotics needed |
|
|
Most common ages for Campylobacter?
|
children < 1 yrs old and adults 20-29
|
|
|
Do you treat Campylobacter with antibiotics?
|
No! but, can use erythromcyin if pt has complications
|
|
|
What 2 diseases does Salmonella cause?
|
Enteric Fever & Enteritis (food poisoning)
|
|
|
Facts about Enteric Fever (= Typhoid fever)
|
Enteric / Typhoid Fever
caused by Salmonella typhi or paratyphi spread by human fecal contamination of food Infects lymphatics in small instestine & spreads thru body Can cause intestinal perforations Treat with Antibiotics!! |
|
|
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever?
|
1-3 weeks after exposure:
HA, fever, RLQ pain, splenomegaly, diarrhea Rose spots on abdomen |
|
|
Carrier state of Typhoid Fever...
|
Carrier harbors S. typhi in gallbladder, and can excrete organism for more than a year!
|
|
|
How do you get Salmonella enteritis?
|
Salmonella enterica from chickens and reptiles
|
|
|
Symptoms of Salmonella enteritis?
|
Watery diarrhea - may have blood and mucus
Fever Cramps can develop into sespis, pneumonia, endocardititis, meningitis Abdominal pain |
|
|
Most common bacterial enteric pathogens?
|
Campylobacter
Salmonella Shigella E coli Vibrio |
|
|
Which bacteria causes dysentery?
|
Shigella
|
|
|
What is dysentery?
|
High fever, severe abdominal pain, tenesmus
Frequent watery diarrhea with blood and mucus dehydration |
|
|
How do you get Shigella?
|
Humans are only known reservoir
Only a few organisms needed for infection Person-to-person, food, water, flies, fingers of infected persons |
|
|
How do you treat Shigella?
|
Rehydration
Antibiotics |
|
|
Most common bacterial enteric pathogens?
|
Campylobacter
Salmonella Shigella E coli Vibrio |
|
|
4 types of E coli
|
Enterotoxigenic - ETEC
Enteropathogenic - EPEC Enteroinvasive - EIEC Enterohemorrhagic - EHEC ** |
|
|
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) causes...
|
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) causes traveler's diarrhea
|
|
|
Enteroinvasive (EIEC) causes...
|
Enteroinvasive (EIEC) causes...
profuse diarrhea and high fever |
|
|
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) causes...
|
Enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC)
food poisoning from unpasteurized milk, cider can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) ** 0157:H7 ** |
|
|
Facts about 0157:H7
|
0157:H7
strain of enterohemorrhagic E coli cramping, watery diarrhea gross bloody diarrhea NO fever no antibiotics needed can cause HUS and sudden kidney failure Incubation 24-72 hours, duration 3 days transmitted by food - spinach |
|
|
Most common bacterial enteric pathogens
|
Campylobacter
Salmonella Shigella E coli Vibrio |
|
|
2 main Vibrio species?
|
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
|
|
Facts about Vibrio cholera
|
spread by contaminated food & waste water
dz from enterotoxin voluminous diarrhea - rice water stools massive loss of electrolytes 60% mortality of untreated |
|
|
How do you treat cholera?
|
Replace fluids at rate lost - can exceed 1L / hr !
Tetracycline or doxycline |
|
|
Which bacteria causes rice water stools?
|
Vibrio cholera
|
|
|
How is Vibrio parahaemolyticus spread?
|
shellfish
|
|
|
Symptoms of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?
|
fever
cramps watery to bloody diarrhea No tx needed |
|
|
What bacteria causes infection after antibiotics?
|
C dificile
|
|
|
Facts about C dificile
|
fecal-oral route
diarrhea is foul-smelling, mucoid, bloody leukocytosis fever abdominal pain pseudomembranes normal flora in 5% of healthy adults |
|
|
what bacteria can mimic appendicitis?
|
typhoid fever
yersinia |
|
|
bacteria that cause food poisoning
|
Salmonella
Shigella E coli |
|
|
common enteric parasites
|
giardia lamblia
entamoeba histolytica ascaris pinworms hookworm whipworm cryptosporidium - AIDS pts |
|
|
most frequent parasite in USA?
|
Giardia lamblia
|
|
|
Facts about Giardia
|
Giarda lamblia
fecal-oral route via contaminated water day care centers tropical areas can be asymptomatic! diarrhea abdominal pain bloating & flatulence steatorrhea & weight loss chronic infection causes anemia lactose intolerance is common complication NO eosinophilia |
|
|
treat giarida with?
|
metronidazole and paromomycin
(only paromomycin if pregnant) |
|
|
Facts about Entamoeba histolytica
|
Entamoeba hystolytica
ingestion of cysts in fecally contaminated water bloody diarrhea abdominal pain weight loss secondary infection of liver |
|
|
Facts about Ascaris / roundworm
|
Ascaris / roundworm
ingestion of eggs poorly cooked food minimal symptoms worms are expectorated and migrate from lungs to esophagus & gut fever dry cough pneumonia can lead to malnutrition, weakness obstruction of intestine or bile duct from worm mass can travel to other organs & cause liver and appendix problems |
|
|
Facts about Hookworm
|
Hookworm
Southeastern US & immigrants from warm climates in soil contaminated with feces larva penetrates skin & migrates to lungs, then to intestines, where they ingest blood anemia cough, low-grade fever, abdominal pain, weight loss stool is heme-positive eosinophilia |
|
|
Facts about Trichuris trichuris / whipworm
|
Trichuris / Whipworm
large intestine / cecum tropical areas ingestion of contamined soil / vegetables anorexia, insomia RUQ pain fever flatulence bloody diarrhea weight loss pruritus can cause colitis or rectal prolapse in children! |
|
|
Facts about pinworm / enterobius vermicularis
|
Pinworm
ingestion of eggs cecum, appendix, iliem, ascending colon warmer climates, winter & fall female migrates to anus at night scotch tape test |
|
|
Causes of Traveler's Diarrhea
|
Russia: giardia & cyrptosporidium
Thailand: aeromonas USA Enterotoxigenic E coli Shigella Campylobacter |
|
|
Causes of diarrhea with blood
|
Campylobacter
Salmonella E coli Amebiasis Whipworm Staph aureus |
