Unit Two Exam Review

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

Gives some organisms within a species a better chance of survival than those without the adaptations

Front 2

Survival advantage

Back 2

Allows those organisms to reproduce and pass on those adaptations

Front 3

Variation

Back 3

Structural functional or physiological differences between individuals. Results of mutations in DNA that accumulate over generations

Front 4

What are structural adaptations?

Back 4

Adaptations in the physical features of an organism

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What are functional adaptations?

Back 5

Adaptations that occur within the body

Front 6

What are behavioural adaptations?

Back 6

Adaptations and how an organism responds or behaves to survive

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Selective advantage

Back 7

A genetic advantage that improves in organisms chance of survival

Front 8

Mutation

Back 8

Permanent change in the genetic material of an organism and the only source of new genetic variation

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Natural selection

Back 9

Describes the process of change in the characteristics of a population of organisms over many generations

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Selective pressure

Back 10

Changes and predators, light level changes, change and competition

Front 11

Artificial selection

Back 11

Selective pressure exerted by humans and populations in order to improve or modify particular traits

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What did Leclerc do?

Back 12

Classified animals based on physiology

Front 13

What did Cuvier do?

Back 13

All these fossils our deepest, catastrophes kill species (catastrophism)

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What did Lyell do?

Back 14

Slow and continuous processes (uniformitarianism)

Front 15

What did Lamarck do?

Back 15

Acquired characteristics can be passed on (line of descent)

Front 16

What did Darwin do?

Back 16

Survival of the fittest (Natural Selection)

Front 17

What is fossil record?

Back 17

Recent fossils are similar to species alive today but older fossils are not

Front 18

Transitional fossils

Back 18

Link past and present groups of organisms and show that evolution occurs over time

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Biogeography

Back 19

Scientific study of geographic distribution of organisms

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Homologous features

Back 20

Same evolutionary origins, different function

i.e. arms, wings, fins

Front 21

Analogous structures

Back 21

Different evolutionary origins, same function

i.e. butterfly vs bat wings

Front 22

Vestigial structures

Back 22

Structures that are no longer useful and go unused

i.e. tonsils, appendix

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Embryology

Back 23

Similarities in embryos in related groups point to common ancestors

Front 24

Competition

Back 24

More offspring + less resources = not all offspring survive

Front 25

Molecular Biology

Back 25

Comparing DNA can reveal how closely related two organisms are

Front 26

Directional selection

Back 26

Favours individuals with extreme variations of a treat

Front 27

Stabilizing selection

Back 27

Favours individuals with average variations of a trait

Front 28

Disruptive selection

Back 28

Favours individuals with opposite extreme variations of a trait

Front 29

Nonrandom mating

Back 29

Meeting on the basis of a particular phenotype

Front 30

Sexual selection

Back 30

Favours any trait that enhances meeting success of an individual

Front 31

Sexual dimorphism

Back 31

When males/females of a species have evolving appearances and behaviours that differ from one another

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Genetic drift

Back 32

Changes to allele frequency by chance which greatly affects smaller populations

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Bottleneck effect

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Drastic reduction in size caused by chance event

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Founder effect

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Small number of individuals separate from population

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Gene flow

Back 35

When individuals migrate to/from one population to another population and interbreed

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Speciation

Back 36

The formation of a new species from an existing species

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Sympatric speciation

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Populations that are reproductively isolated without geographic isolation

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Allopatric speciation

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Population is split by geographic barrier

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Behavioural isolation

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Different species use different meeting cues to attract a mate

Front 40

Temporel isolation

Back 40

Different species breed at different times of year

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Habitat isolation

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Similar species may occupy different habitats within a region

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Mechanical isolation

Back 42

Differences and features may make two species incompatible

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Gametic isolation

Back 43

Male gametes may not be able to recognize and fertilize an egg of a different species

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Hybrid inviability

Back 44

Genetic incompatibility of species may stop development of a zygote

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Hybrid infertility

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Hybrid offspring is sterile

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Hybrid breakdown

Back 46

Hybrid is fertile however its offspring are not

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Microevolution

Back 47

Change in genetic make up of a population over a short period of time

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Macroevolution

Back 48

Major evolutionary change in whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time

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Divergent evolution

Back 49

Once similar species become distinct

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Adaptive radiation

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Common ancestral species branch off and diversify

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Convergent evolution

Back 51

Two unrelated species share similar traits

Front 52

Coevolution

Back 52

One species evolves in response to another

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Gradualism

Back 53

Views evolutionary change as slow and steady

Front 54

Punctuated equilibrium

Back 54

Use evolutionary history as long periods of equilibrium