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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Pop culture spreads primarily through __________ _____ and ______ ________ today |
Electronic media and social networks |
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__ is the most common leisure activity |
TV |
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1954, US had ___ of ___ TVs |
32M of 37M |
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True or false: TV programing is different from country to country |
True |
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1995, ___ of ___ Internet users were American |
25M of 40M |
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TV took a __________ to diffuse throughout the world; the Internet took a ______ |
Generation; decade |
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19/20 top Twitter posts in 2010 we're American; all of them were by ___________ |
Celebrities |
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In 2008, __% of all Facebook users were in the US |
33% |
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Which has been the slowest social media to diffuse? |
YouTube |
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Which countries dominate news sources, often creating biases on _______ _________ and _________ ___-_________ ______? |
Countries that dominate news sources include the US, China, UK, Russia, and Germany Natural disasters and important geo-political events |
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Electronic media has a ________ impact on folk culture |
Negative |
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What are some characteristics of pop culture? |
Large and widespread; diffused through globalization; found in different populations; usually in urban areas; has a specific traceable history; can change easily and rapidly |
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What are some characteristics of folk culture? |
Isolated; stays near hearth; diffused through relocation; found in a few (maybe one) place(s); usually in rural or small populations; tends to be anonymous; resistant to change (traditional) |
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What is the difference between habits, customs, and culture? |
A habit is an activity that a single person does, a custom is an activity that a group of people do, and a culture is all of a large group's customs |
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What is the difference between pop and folk music? |
While folk music is primarily used to tell a story or a history of a people or place, pop music is made to be sold and performed for a large group of people |
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Material culture tends to change over ____, while leisure culture tends to change over ________ |
Time, distance |
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What are the three human necessities that make up material culture? |
Clothing, food, and shelter |
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Is material culture or leisure culture more affected by regionalism? |
Leisure culture |
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What is the usual purpose of folk clothing? |
Environment or religion |
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What does pop clothing tends to reflect? |
Occupation and/or income |
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What is widely regarded as the easiest way to learn about someone's culture? |
Food |
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What is terroir? |
The impacts food and environment have on each other |
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Characteristics of folk shelter |
Which direction does your house face; what is it made of; how slanted is the roof |
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What are some examples of folk housing in the US? |
Barns, log cabins, and plantations |
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What is wrong with pop culture in terms of sustainability? |
Resource depletion and lack of creativity |
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What is uniform landscape? |
Uniform landscape is the spread of company logos through places, causing the loss of individuality |
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_______ is infringing upon indigenous and folk culture |
Tourism |
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What are the two branches of the Germanic branch? |
Northern and Western Germanic |
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What languages are part of Northern Germanic? |
Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic |
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What languages are part of Western Germanic? |
German, Dutch, Frisian, and English |
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What are the two branches of Western Germanic? Their characteristics and languages? |
High and Low Based on the elevation where the language is spoken High German is basis for Modern German Dutch, Frisian, and Afrikaans are Low German |
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What is the Indo-Iranian branch divided into? |
Eastern and Western branches |
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What is another name for Eastern Indo-Iranian? |
Indic |
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Where is Eastern Indo-Iranian common? |
Throughout India |
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What is Urdu? |
Similar to Hindi but with Arabic lettering |
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What is another name for Western Indo-Iranian? |
Iranian |
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Where is Western Indo-Iranian common? |
Iran and surrounding countries |
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What is the most common language of Western Indo-Iranian? |
Farsi; Arabic alphabet use common |
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What groups is the Balto-Slavic branch divided into? |
East, West, and South |
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What is Eastern Balto-Slavic also called? |
Baltic |
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What is Western Balto-Slavic also called? |
Slavic |
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What is the most common group within the Balto-slavic branch? |
Eastern |
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What languages does the Eastern branch of Balto-Slavic include? |
Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian |
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What languages does the Western branch of Balto-Slavic include? |
Polish, Czech, and Slovak |
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Where is the Southern group of Balto-Slavic found? |
Throughout the Balkaans, where each country uses a dialect |
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What are some characteristics of Southern Balto-Slavic languages? |
The Roman and Cyrillic alphabet are common; Arabic is becoming common |
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Be able to describe the crusades and how they affected distribution of languages! |
V IMPORTANT, MUST YEET |
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What language does the Romance branch derive from? |
Latin |
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What languages does the Romance branch include? |
French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian |
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The countries that Romance branch languages are spoken in are separated by what three kinds of boundaries? |
Physical, political, and cultural |
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What Romance language includes the most regional variation? |
Italian |
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What are the four branches of Indo-European? |
Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, and Romance |
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How did English diffuse? |
Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Vikings brought their language as they invaded Great Britain Normans invade from France and try to replace English with French As the British colonize the world, regional dialects develop |
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How did Latin diffuse? |
As Rome conquered more and more lands, regional variations also grew When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, regions and provinces were separated from each other giving rise to distinct languages |
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What is the Nomadic Warrior Theory? |
Kurgans migrate from Central Asia into and throughout Europe |
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What is the Sedentary Farmer Theory? |
People in Anatolia migrate through Asia and Europe |
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Proto-Indo-European is... |
Because it would be so ancient, no language or alphabet linking the various branches of Indo-European can be found |
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What is a dialect? |
A regional variation of a language; spelling, pronunciation, and words will differ, usually different dialects can understand each other |
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What is an Isogloss? |
The boundary of a dialect |
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What is a standard language? |
The dialect taught and used for public speaking; received pronunciation |
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What is a Creolized Language? |
When two languages are blended to form a new one |
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What does the South American dialect do? |
Make one syllable words into two; make two syllable words into one; dropping the g in -ing sounds |
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What does the Northern American dialect do? |
Soft r sound; sharp vowel sounds; d in place of t sound |
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What does the Midwest American dialect do? |
'da' in place of 'the' long vowels |
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_______ American accents tend to be less noticeable and distinct |
Western |
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Differences in pronunciation between American and British English? |
British has sharper vowels (especially 'a') British tend not to use contractions Different pronunciations for -ile and -ization words British condense words; secret'ry vs secretary British tend to annunciate t and r sounds |
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What are some differences in spelling between American and British English? |
Re at the end; litre vs liter U after o; colour vs color C in place of s; defence vs defense S in place of z; realise vs realize |
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What is an isolated language? Examples? |
A language unrelated to any other; largely free of change (examples include Japanese, Korean, Basque (pre Indo-European survivor language from people in Northern Spain living in small, mountainous villages), Icelandic (unchanging language), Koro Aka (rare and distinct)) |
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What is an extinct language? |
Those that were once used but no longer are (examples include native american (largely destroyed by European colonization), gothic (as Christianity spread throughout Europe, so did Latin), Hebrew (only used in Israel and used to be only used for Jewish religious services)) |
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What is preservation? |
The protection of some endangered languages |
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What are some examples of preserved languages? |
Welch, Irish, Breton, Scottish, Cornish, Aboriginal languages in Australia and New Zealand, Occitan in France, French preventing English (especially American) words from entering their vocabulary |
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How does globalization impact language preservation? |
Causes increases connections |
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What is unity? |
Federal government passing laws to make official languages to protect all languages |
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How does nationalism affect language preservation? |
Language used as a source of national pride |
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How does language preservation affect tourism? |
Using culture as an economic boost for tourism |
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How does government protection affect language preservation? |
Government protection is used to protect small language groups |
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How does language preservation affect sovereignty? |
Certain cultural groups want to rule themselves to protect their languages |
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What are some nongovernmental groups affecting language preservation? |
Grassroots campaign, enculturation, elders, etc. |
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How many people speak English? |
1.5B |
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How many countries have English as an official language? |
57 |
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What is a Lingua Franca? |
A language used in international business and trade |
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What are some examples of Lingua Franca? |
English, French, Arabic, and Swahili |
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What is a pidgin language? |
Used when two people do not speak the same language; basic grammar |
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What are examples of pidgin languages? |
Franglais, Spanglish, Denglish, etc. |
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What are the two main Lingua Franca? |
English and Chinese (check accuracy) |
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Buddhism founded: Who, when, and where |
Siddhartha Gautama, Nepal, 530s BC |
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What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism? |
All living things suffer Suffering leads to reincarnation Reincarnation is achieved through Nirvana Nirvana is achieved through rightness |
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Describe Siddhartha Gautama and how he grew up to be The Buddha |
Was the heir to the throne. His father took him to a seer/prophet/etc. and the person said that Gautama would grow up to be a founder of a religion or a great king. So the king locked his son up so that he had to grow up to become a great king. When Gautama was finally allowed out of the castle where he experienced no suffering and had everything he could ever want, he met a dying man, a sick man, an old man, an ascetic. These are the four sights. Gautama then realized the world's sufferings and spent 6 years mediating in a forest from where he emerged in the enlightened state as The Buddha. Suffering is experienced by all and is the result of desire |
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What are the three branches of Buddhism? |
Theravada: oldest branch; known as the "way of the elders" and must renounce worldly possessions Mahayana: split from Theravada; known as "the great vehicle" and focus on teaching and helping others Vajryana: practice rituals known as Tantras; used to cleanse the body, mind, and soul |
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What was the slowest diffusing universalizing religion? |
Buddhism by a lot |
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How did Buddhism diffuse? |
Under the Magadhan Empire, spread throughout south and east Asia, slowly traders and merchants began to spread this new faith |
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Christianity founded: Who, when, and where |
Jesus, early 100s, Israel |
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What was Jesus' message and who helped spread it for Him? |
The Kingdom of God and salvation Followers and disciples |
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What are the branches of Christianity? |
Catholics: accept the teachings of the Bible and the Pope; believe he is infallible; take part in seven sacraments to achieve salvation Orthodox: recognize the Patriarch of Constantinople rather than the Pope Protestant: salvation is reached by faith not sacraments; rejects papal authority |
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How were the branches of Christianity formed? |
The Great Schism: Orthodox split from the Catholics after the East-West divide in the Roman Empire Protestant Reformation: Protestant founded by Martin Luther in 1517 due to corruption of the churches (money for sins, not repentance at all) |
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How did Christianity diffuse? |
Christianity adopted by both Western and Eastern Roman Empires before fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 400s Early Christians spread word and message Countries outside Europe through colonization and relocation diffusion |
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Islam founded: Who, when, and where |
Mohammed, 500s, Mecca in the cave |
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What are the branches of Islam? |
Shiites: also known as Shi'a Islam; means "the followers" wanted Mohammed next relative to rule Sunnis: wanted to have an election to see who would rule |
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How did Islam diffuse? |
Following Mohammed's death, Arabs and Muslims conquered nearby lands, spreading their new faith |
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How did Islam begin? |
Mohammed, born in 570, had the vision of Angel Gabriel in the cave during the ritual where everyone worshipped the statues in the plaza who tells him to read and then Mohammed gets the Quran and then begins to preach God's truth. Then, Mohammed suffers persecution in Mecca and migrates in 622 to Yathrib in an event called in the Hijra marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Yathrib is renamed to Madinah ("the City of the Prophet"). After many years, Muhammad and his followers return to Makkah and have many battles before finally winning and smashing the statues (there is a vid on this find it) |
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What two universalizing religions have replaced ethnic religions in areas colonized by Europe? |
Christianity and Islam |
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What is the distribution of Christianity throughout the USA? |
Baptist Bible Belt throughout the Southeast Mormon Utah Lutheran Dakotas Methodist Delaware Catholic is rest, especially New Mexico, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island and also California, New York, Vermont, northeast areas |
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Know this map! |
yeet |
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Describe Christian Churches |
Catholic churches are more cathedral like and Protestant are smaller. Environments of God with collective services. Buildings reflect both regional and cultural styles |
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Describe Muslim Mosques |
More of a gathering place to worship that faces towards Mecca and features minarets with a muezzin who calls Muslims to prayer |
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Describe Buddhist Pagodas |
Contain relics and history, individual prayer is unlikely and these buildings contain prayer flags and wheels |
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What sacred space is being built around the world to help diffuse its religion? |
Bahá'i Houses of Worship |
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Preservation of Sacred Space is... |
Maintaining of the space according to beliefs, traditions, and laws |
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Visitation to Sacred Spaces is... |
Pilgrimages for adherents Tourism for non-adherents |
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What is tension of Sacred Space? An example? |
When various sects, denominations, or religions claim a sacred site Example is how Christians, Muslims, and Jews have all claimed Jerusalem and there has been violence between the different groups |
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How does location differ between ethnic and universalizing religions? |
For ethnic religions, holy sites tend to be close together as these religions are less diffused For universalizing religions, locations of Sacred Spaces tend to reflect early history and especially that of the founder |
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What is cosmogony? |
Any theory that depicts the creation of the universe |
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How does cosmogony differ between ethnic and universalizing religions? |
Ethnic cosmogony tends to focus on nature, balance, harmony; yin yang; Tao Universalizing cosmogony varies from culture to culture; it generally includes that God created the Earth itself for humans and that God's laws take precedent over natural laws |
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What are calendars like in Judaism? |
Agricultural calendar; lunar cycles Inserts months in certain years to align |
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What are calendars in Islam like? |
Lunar calendar: 30 year cycle with 19 years with 354 days and 11 years with 355 days |
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What are the two calendars of Christianity? |
Gregorian vs Julian (Julius Caesar) Changed in September 1752 where the formula for calculating leap years was altered |
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What are calendars used for? |
To celebrate/remember various events in religious history |
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How does disposal of the dead differ between ethnic and universalizing religions? |
Ethnic is cremation Universalizing is burial as bodies must be there to rise to heaven, so bodies are buried in park like cemeteries with green space, mausoleums, burial mounds, catacombs, etc. |
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Administration in religion had |
Hierarchy with a geographic structure and representatives at different levels |
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Conflicts arise between what four groups? |
Religions, denominations, governments, and people |
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What is fundamentalism and an example of it? |
The following of basic principles; literal translations of holy books An example is the Amish |
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What are some examples of conflicts between religion and the government? (Know at least three or four of these!) |
Communism: actively seeks to end religious influence Taliban: means "religious student" and seeks fundamentalism through severe punishments and restrictions and ending outside influences. Took control in Afghanistan Islam: modernization vs. traditional beliefs Hinduism: social equality for all caste levels Iran: Cultural Revolution of 1979 Cambodia: Khmer Rouge (explanation? Find) |
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What are some examples of conflicts between religions? |
Ireland: Protestants vs. Catholics; British vs. Irish; in North Ireland, walls and gates still separate people and Catholics are still discriminated against; IRA vs. UDF The Holy Land: important to Jews, Christians, and Muslims; Crusades; Six-Days War; Palestine; PLO; land-for-peace; Jerusalem divided |
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What do deists believe? |
There is a God; we cannot possibly understand his/her/its laws |
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What is acculturation? |
Cultural and psychological change resulting from meeting between cultures |
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What is enculturation? |
To take aspects of surrounding cultures and impute these values and behaviors to the current culture |
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What is pidgin? |
Communication developing between two or more groups without a common language that is usually a mixture of simplified languages |
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How did slavery diffuse to North and South America? |
Colonialism |
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How many slaves were brought to the New World? |
25M |
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Ghettoes are... |
Walled off areas used to divide a minority group from the rest of society (such as by the Germans during WWII) |
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What was the Great Migration? |
After Civil War and WWI, African Americans left the South for the North and West |
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Why were African Americans drawn to the North during the Great Migration? |
Better jobs (restriction in immigration), transportation (free train tickets), recruiters (newspapers actively encouraged movement), less racist (Jim Crow laws in the South) |
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What did the Great Migration cause? |
Sparks the Harlem Renaissance Diffusion of jazz through US and eventually the whole world Changing demographics of cities (Detroit, Baltimore, DC, NYC, Chicago, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis) White Flight |
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Why does white flight occur? |
Increasing populations of African Americans in inner cities in the North cause whites to begin moving to the suburbs in a blend of racism and economic mobility |
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Deindustrialization is causing... |
North to South Migration from the 1960s onward where people leave the Rust Belt and go to the Sun Belt Also fueled by civil rights, warmer climate, cheaper labor/nonunion, and more land/cheaper housing |
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Most immigrants to the US today are from what two places? |
Latin America and Asia; stage 2 countries |
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What brought immigrants to the US after WWII? |
A strong economy |
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What drives immigration to the US today? |
Tolerance and family reunification |
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What are ethnoburbs? |
Parts of cities that have a large concentration of a single ethnic group; tenement housing (examples include Little Italy and China Town) |
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Contrast the origin of immigrants between the East and West coasts |
East: more European immigrants (Irish, German, Polish, Russian, Italian) West: more Asian immigrants (Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Filipino) |
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Describe the history of segregation in the US |
Plessy vs. Ferguson: separate but equal is constitution; 1896 Segregation began to grow in popularity after this decree Brown vs. BOE of Topeka: separate but equal is unconstitutional; 1954 However this decree said with all due haste so some places postponed desegregation for a long time |
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South Africa used Apartheid to segregate from ____ to ____ |
1948 to 1991 |
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What is an ethnicity? |
A group of people that share a common culture; share a common culture with people from the same homeland |
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What is race? |
A group of people that share common physical traits; share a common ancestor |
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What is a nationality? |
A group of people that share an attachment to a place |
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What is a nation? |
A single ethnic group dominating a single country (example is Israel) |
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What is a multi-national state? |
When many ethnic groups live in the same country but retain their own national identity (an example is Iraq, where ethnic division corresponds to religious division where most are loyal to their clan or tribe instead of their nation) |
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What is a multi-ethnic state? |
When many ethnic groups live in the same country but are unified behind a single nationality (an example is USA) |
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What branch of Islam do the majority of Iranians practice? |
Shia |
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What branch of Islam do the majority of Saudi Arabians practice? |
Sunni |
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Followers of which political party generally resides in large cities? |
Democratic |
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What is nationalism? |
Loyalty and devotion towards your nation |
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What is the difference between nationalism and patriotism? |
Patriotism is less extreme |
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What is centripetal force? |
Means 'to direct toward the center' and is a force that unites people |
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What is centrifugal force? |
Means 'to spread from the center' and is a force that divides people |
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When was the Berlin Conference? |
1884-1885 |
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What is another name for the Berlin Conference? |
The Scramble for Africa |
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How was Lebanon divided? |
By where people came from (Europe vs. Asia) |
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How has colonization affected Lebanon? |
Divided by heritage and different religions Representation in government shared among various denominations |
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What is the divide between groups of Sri Lanka? Describe in detail |
74% Sinhalese Buddhist population and 16% Tamil Hindu population Both came from India but at different times Tamils feel discriminated against and want economic equality |
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What is the problem between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh? Describe with dates and detail |
In 1948, India was created for Hindus while Pakistan and Bangladesh were created for Muslims, though millions die during migration |
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What is the issue and location of the Jamma and Kashmir? |
In Northern India there are no agreed/secured borders between the two groups, creating tension |
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What is the problem with the Sikhs? |
Between India and Pakistan and Bangladesh, no country is created for the Sikhs |
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Iran's diversity: |
Most are Shiites, but they are very diverse in terms of ethnicity |
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What are the problems with diversity and interactions between different groups in Afghanistan? |
Constant infighting between ethnic groups creates a very unstable government that has allowed the Taliban to rise to power |
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Pakistan's diversity: |
More homogenous; instability on countries around it creates tension in relationships |
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What is ethnic cleansing? |
When a larger, more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes another; usually through forced migration of violence; seeks to make a region ethnically homogenous |
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Describe ethnic cleansing in Rwanda |
Radical Hutus (Interhamwe) murdered 1M in less than 100 days from 7 April to mid-July in 1994, following the death of the Rwandan Hutu president. Tutsi (herders) had governed a Hutu majority under Belgian rule before independency in 1962 when ethnic cleansing began, more extreme in the time mentioned |
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Describe ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia |
Yugoslavia was created after the first world what as a multi-ethnic country. In the 1990s, countries began to become nation-states for each ethnic group Bosnian Muslims made up 48% of the population before, widely dispersed throughout the country From 1992 to 1995, 104762 people are killed, 66% of which are Bosnian Muslims In 1996, the Dayton Peace Accords are signed, with Bosnian Muslims in two clusters in Bosnia-Herzegovina today |
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Explain ethnic cleansing between Serbs and ethnic Albanians |
Serbs attacked ethnic Albanians in Kosovo from 1998 to 1999, during which time 11334 Albanians were killed and 863000 were forcibly removed The number of casualties is lower because of NATO involvement |
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Describe the ethnic cleansing of Myanmar's Rohingya Muslims |
Burned villages, raping women, killings, etc. by the Myanmar military The government is not cooperating From August to late September 2017, 400000 fled |
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What does balkanized mean? |
Adjective describing an area too diverse ethnically to form into a stable state |
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What is balkanization? |
When ethnic tension destabilizes a region |
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What is genocide? |
The mass killing of any group of people in the attempt to completely destroy them |
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Explain genocide in Sudan? |
Muslims attempted to make Sudan an Islamic country and black Christians in the south resisted, creating South Sudan in 2011. However, Darfur remains part of Sudan where the black population resists an Islamic government |
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Explain genocide and Black hawk down in Somalia |
Somalian capital plagued by poverty and turf war October 1993 - Black Hawk helicopter shot down and soldiers held captive, tortured, dragged through streets Battle of Mogadishu U.S. providing food relief to Somalians but then started trying to target local warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and militant clans 18 U.S. servicemen dead Has caused no intervention U.S. policy still to this day |
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What is a language? |
A system of communication through speech; a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning |
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What is a literary tradition? |
A system or written communication; hundreds of spoken languages lack this |
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What is the difference between a language family, branch, and group? |
Differs in the last common ancestral language For language family it was long before recorded history For language branch it was several thousand years ago For language group it was in the relatiely recent past with many similarities in grammar and vocabulary |
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How many languages are there and include some other stats |
6909 languages 11 are spoken by at least 100 million 85 are spoken by at least 10 million 300 are spoken by between 1 and 10 million The remaining 6524 languages are spoken by fewer than 1 million each |
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How many people speak a language belonging to Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan? |
Two thirds |
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How many languages families other than Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan are used by between 2 and 6 percent of the world each? |
Seven |
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The remaining ____ percent of the world speaks a language belonging to one of the ___ smaller families |
Five 100 |
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General knowledge of this pie chart |
yeet |
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What is a logogram and what languages use them? |
A logogram is a symbol that represents words or their meaningful parts rather than their sounds Used by Chinese languages |
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What are the three African language families? |
Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan |
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What are the locations of the three African language families? |
Niger-Congo mostly sub-Saharan Africa Niger-Saharan mostly north-central Africa Khoisan mostly south end of Africa |
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What did derisive whites in South Africa name the most important Khoisan language? |
Hottentot |
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What are the three language families of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Central Asia? |
Afro-Asiatic, Altaic, and Uralic |
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Where is the Afro-Asiatic language family located? |
in Southwest Asia and North Africa |
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Where is the Altaic language family located? |
In an 8000 km/5000 mile band from Turkey to the Pacific |
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Where is the Uralic language family located? |
Estonia, Finland, and Hungary |
Unique three countries in Europe |
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What did the Uralic language family used to be classified as? |
Altaic |
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What are the five other language families of Asia other than Sino-Tibetan? |
Austronesian, Austro-Asiatic, Tai Kadai, Japanese, and Korean |
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Where is the Austronesian language family located? |
Madagascar as well as the Philippines and western islands of Indonesia |
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Where is the Austro-Asiatic language family located? |
Vietnam and Cambodia |
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Where is the Tai Kadai language family located? |
Some of Thailand and neighboring portions of China |
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Where is the Japanese language family located? |
Japan |
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Where is the Korean language family located? |
Korea |
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