Unit 8: Realpolitik & Imperialism

Front 1

Adolphe Theirs

Back 1

He led the National Assembly. The Assembly ordered the French Army in Paris and brutally crushed the Commune.

Front 2

Alexander II

Back 2

Tsar of Russia who pushed for rapid social change and general modernization. In 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by a small group of anarchist terrorists.

Front 3

Alexander III

Back 3

Ended the era of reform since he was a determined reactionary. Even so, economic modernization sped forward for the second time, as Russia achieved a massive industrialization surge from 1890 to 1900.

Front 4

Benjamin Disraeli

Back 4

In 1867 the Second Reform Bill of Benjamin Disraeli and the Conservatives extended the vote to all middle-class males and the best-paid workers in oder to broaden the Conservative Party's traditional base of aristocratic and landed support.

Front 5

Cecil Rhodes

Back 5

Founded the modern diamond industry and controlled the British South Africa Company, which acquired Rhodesia and Zambia as British territories.

Front 6

Count Cavour

Back 6

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

Front 7

Count Sergei Witte

Back 7

A highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire.

Front 8

Dr. David Livingston

Back 8

A Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa.

Front 9

Eduard Bernstein

Back 9

A German social democratic political theorist and politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party, and the founder of evolutionary socialism, social democracy and revisionism.

Front 10

Emile Zola

Back 10

A French writer, the most well-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

Front 11

Emmeline Pankhurst

Back 11

A British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote.

Front 12

Florence Nightingale

Back 12

A celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a manager of nurses trained by her during the Crimean War, where she organized the tending to wounded soldiers.

Front 13

General Horatio H. Kitchener

Back 13

A senior British Army Officer and colonial administrator who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of World War I, although he died halfway through it.

Front 14

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 14

An Italian general and politician who played a large role in the history of Italy. He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland".

Front 15

Gregorii Rasputin

Back 15

A Russian peasant, mystical faith healer and private adviser to the Romanovs.

Front 16

H.M. Stanley

Back 16

A Welsh journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone.

Front 17

J. A. Hobson

Back 17

An English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer.

Front 18

Jean Juares

Back 18

A French Socialist leader. Initially an Opportunist Republican, he evolved into one of the first social democrats, becoming the leader, in 1902, of the French Socialist Party, which opposed Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France.

Front 19

Jules Ferry

Back 19

A French statesman and republican. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion.

Front 20

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Back 20

The King of Prussia and the first German Emperor, as well as the first Head of State of a united Germany.

Front 21

Karl Marx

Back 21

A German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

Front 22

Kier Hardie

Back 22

A Scottish Georgist, socialist, and labour leader, and was the first independent Labour Member of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Front 23

King Victor Emmanuel

Back 23

King of Italy. In addition, he claimed the thrones of Ethiopia and Albania as Emperor of Ethiopia and King of the Albanians, which were not recognised by all great powers.

Front 24

Leopold II

Back 24

The second King of the Belgians, and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture.

Front 25

Lord Palmerston

Back 25

Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century.

Front 26

Mikhail Bakunin

Back 26

A Russian revolutionary anarchist, and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism, and one of the principal founders of the "social anarchist" tradition.

Front 27

Millicent Garrett Fawcett

Back 27

An English suffragist and an early feminist. She was a British suffragist, an intellectual, political leader, Union leader, mother, wife and writer.

Front 28

Napoleon III

Back 28

The first President of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I.

Front 29

Nicholas II

Back 29

The last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.

Front 30

Otto von Bismarck

Back 30

A conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890.

Front 31

Robert Clive

Back 31

Also known as Clive of India, was a British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal.

Front 32

Rudyard Kipling

Back 32

An English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He wrote tales and poems of British soldiers in India and stories for children.

Front 33

Theodore Herzl

Back 33

An Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, georgist, and writer. He is considered to have been the father of modern political Zionism.

Front 34

Wilhelm II

Back 34

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

Front 35

William Gladstone

Back 35

A British Liberal politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times, more than any other person, and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times.

Front 36

"Age of Mass Politics"

Back 36

1871-1914, reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy through voting rights formed and creation of mass political parties. Masses replacing the individual in political culture, growing urbanization, interest-group politics, excluded women and ethnic minorities.

Front 37

"Liberal Empire"

Back 37

Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century.

Front 38

"New Imperialism"

Back 38

A period of colonial expansion—and its accompanying ideologies—by the European powers, the United States of America and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Front 39

"Old Imperialism"

Back 39

occurred between the 16th and 18th centuries; European powers did not usually acquire territory in Africa and Asia but rather built a series of trading stations; the New World was the exception--many countries established colonies in the Americas; many Europeans also emigrated from their homelands

Front 40

"Sick Man of Europe"

Back 40

A European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment. The term was first used in the mid-19th century to describe the Ottoman Empire, but has since been applied at one time or another to nearly every other major country in Europe.

Front 41

anarchy

Back 41

Absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ideal.

Front 42

Berlin Conference, 1884-85

Back 42

Also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

Front 43

Boulanger Crisis

Back 43

General Boulanger gained notoriety by his bold attacks on the government, his demands for a dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, and for a revision of the constitution. Boulanger was deprived of his command in 1888 for twice coming to Paris without leave, and finally on the recommendation of a council of inquiry composed of five generals, his name was removed from the army list.

Front 44

Budesrat

Back 44

A legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder (federal states) of Germany at the national level. The Bundesrat meets at the former Prussian House of Lords in Berlin.

Front 45

Bundestag

Back 45

A constitutional and legislative body in Germany.

Front 46

Catholic Center Party

Back 46

A lay Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic.

Front 47

Chamber of Deputies

Back 47

The name given to a legislative body such as the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or can refer to a unicameral legislature.

Front 48

Conservative Party

Back 48

A centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that espouses the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism.

Front 49

Duma

Back 49

Assembly created that would serve as working class advisory to Czar. Essentially powerless.

Front 50

Falloux Law

Back 50

The Falloux Laws were voted during the French Second Republic and promulgated on 15 March 1850 and in 1851, following the presidential election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in December 1848 and the May 1849 legislative elections that gave a majority to the conservative Parti de l'Ordre.

Front 51

Independent Labor Party

Back 51

A socialist political party in Britain established in 1893, in Bradford.

Front 52

Indian National Congress

Back 52

The largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement.

Front 53

Irish Home Rule

Back 53

The Irish Home Rule movement articulated a longstanding Irish desire for self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The movement drew upon a legacy of patriotic thought that dated back at least to the late 17th century.

Front 54

kleindeutsch plan

Back 54

A unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states, particularly
Prussia.

Front 55

Kruger Telegram

Back 55

A message sent by Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II to Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic, on 3 January 1896.

Front 56

Liberal Party

Back 56

The name for dozens of political parties around the world.

Front 57

Pan-Slavism

Back 57

A movement which crystallised in the mid-19th century, aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples.

Front 58

Paris Commune

Back 58

A revolutionary and socialist government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March until 28 May 1871.

Front 59

pogroms

Back 59

An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Front 60

protectorate

Back 60

A state that is controlled and protected by another or the position or period of office of a Protector, especially that in England of Oliver and Richard Cromwell.

Front 61

Reform Act of 1884

Back 61

Further extended the suffrage in Britain after the Disraeli Government's Reform Act 1867. Taken together, these measures extended the same voting qualifications as existed in the towns to the countryside, and essentially established the modern one member constituency as the normal pattern for Parliamentaryrepresentation.

Front 62

Reform Bill of 1867

Back 62

A piece of British legislation that enfranchised part of the urban male working class in England and Wales for the first time.

Front 63

Reichstag

Back 63

A German word which in political terms means Parliament but directly translated is Diet of the Realm or National Diet or Imperial Diet.

Front 64

Second French Empire

Back 64

The Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Front 65

Second French Republic

Back 65

The republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.

Front 66

Social Democratic Party (S.P.D.)

Back 66

A social-democratic political party in Germany.

Front 67

Socialist Revisionism

Back 67

Within the Marxist movement, the word revisionism is used to refer to various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises.

Front 68

Third French Republic

Back 68

The French Third Republic governed France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany led to the Vichy France government. Vichy was replaced by the French Fourth Republic.

Front 69

Treaty of Nanking

Back 69

Formally called the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China, was signed on the 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing dynasty of China.

Front 70

Zemstvos

Back 70

A form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia.

Front 71

Zionism

Back 71

Its general definition means the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.

Front 72

Zollverein

Back 72

German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

Front 73

White Man's Burden

Back 73

"The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling.

Front 74

Das Kapital

Back 74

Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, by Karl Marx, is a critical analysis of political economy, intended to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production.

Front 75

"Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification"

Back 75

Principles that became the foundation of the state; how Alexander III wanted to run Russia

Front 76

"blood and iron"

Back 76

The title of a speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories. It is also a transposed phrase that Bismarck uttered near the end of the speech that has become one of his most widely known quotations.

Front 77

"II Risorgimento"

Back 77

A liberal, nationalist newspaper founded in Turin 15 December 1847 by Count Camillo Benso di Cavour and Cesare Balbo, who was a backbone of the "neo-Guelph" party that saw in future a rejuvenated Italy under a republican government with a papal presidency—ideas with which Cavour did not agree.

Front 78

"survival of the fittest"

Back 78

A phrase that originated in evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection.

Front 79

"Bloody Sunday"

Back 79

An incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march against internment.

Front 80

"Eastern Question"

Back 80

Encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the "Sick man of Europe" (the Ottoman Empire), as it steadily weakened decade after decade.

Front 81

"gap theory"

Back 81

A form of old Earth creationism that posits that the six-day creation, as described in the Book of Genesis, involved literal 24-hour days (light being "day" and dark "night" as God specified), but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, explaining many scientific observations, including the age of the Earth.

Front 82

"Humiliation of Olmutz"

Back 82

Frederick William IV proposed a plan for German unity./Austria would accept a plan for German unity only
if Prussia accepted the leadership of the German
Bund (which Austria dominated)/Prussia could not accept its loss of sovereignty and stepped back

Front 83

"Irish Question"

Back 83

A phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.

Front 84

"Scramble for Africa"

Back 84

The popular name for the invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

Front 85

"spheres of influence"

Back 85

In the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union created a sphere of influence as a political fact in the territories of the nations of eastern Europe.

Front 86

Algeria

Back 86

since 1830, the French had controlled Algeria in North Africa; the attack on French shipping by Barbary pirates was used as a pretext for conquest; Algeria remained under French control until the early 1960s

Front 87

Ausgleich, 1867

Back 87

Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

Front 88

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Back 88

Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities.

Front 89

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Back 89

A seven-week war in 1866 in which railroads and the breechloading needle gun were used by the Prussians to defeat Austria. Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms, and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs. North German Confederation formed.

Front 90

Battle of Omdurman

Back 90

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns.

Front 91

Belgian Congo

Back 91

exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

Front 92

Boer War

Back 92

1899-1902; The war where the British defeated the Boers and annexed the two republics (Orange Free State and Transvall)

Front 93

Boxer Rebellion

Back 93

1900; uprising of Chinese nationalists to drive out all foreigners and restore China to isolation; Failed

Front 94

British East India Company

Back 94

The British ruling power of India

Front 95

Cape Colony

Back 95

colony of South Africa under Boer control

Front 96

Congress of Berlin, 1878

Back 96

(1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism

Front 97

Crimean War

Back 97

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Front 98

Dreyus Affair

Back 98

Captain Albert Dreyfus was accused of giving secret information to the Germans. He was a scapegoat(he was Jewish). Found guilty by a military court, sent to Devil's Island. Evidence was reexamined. Determined that documents were formed to frame Dreyfus. Emile Zola exposes the truth. Leads to rise of anti-semtitism

Front 99

Easter Rebellion

Back 99

Revolt in Ireland for independence, supported by Germany

Front 100

Egypt

Back 100

The party that held nationalistic uprisings because of the English-French intervention; led by colonel ahmed arabi bey

Front 101

Emancipation Act, 1861

Back 101

The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.

Front 102

Ems Dispatch

Back 102

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.

Front 103

Ethiopia

Back 103

1935

Italian invasion of Ethiopia revenge for its earlier
defeat by the Ethiopians in 1896.
500,000 Ethiopians died 5,000 Italians.
League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy
No attempt to prevent Italy's navy from
using the Suez Canal
France and Britain not willing to press Italy
because they needed Italy's help in keeping Hitler in check.
In 1936, the League lifted its sanction
Hitler further encouraged that the international
community lacked the will to enforce peace

Front 104

Fabian Society

Back 104

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Front 105

Fashoda Incident

Back 105

British forces led by Kitchener closed in on towns occupied by French forces as both were headed to Omdurman and the upper Nile. They came to the brink of war but eventually the French backed off as they were wracked by the Dreyfus Affair.

Front 106

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

Back 106

enabled Bismarck to bring the states of Southern Germany into the Confederation. France was defeated and the German empire was proclaimed

Front 107

German Empire

Back 107

Series of German states who were in a political stalemate in the aftermath of 1848. Austria and Prussia wanted to block each other.

Front 108

Indochina

Back 108

The French colony in Vietnam. French influence was greater in the south as they were able to westernize the culture. The much more populated north was resistant to French authority, and they rebelled while being led by Ho Chi Minh.

Front 109

Intelligensia

Back 109

They were the source of revolutionary disturbance and most wanted a catastrophic overthrow of the tsardom; also supported nihilism

Front 110

jingoism

Back 110

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy. Got its start in England right when it looked like Russia would have the Dardanelles.

Front 111

Junkers

Back 111

German noble landlords, power over serfs, prestige gained through military service

Front 112

Kulturkampf

Back 112

struggle for civilization, Bismarks attack on the Catholic church resulting from Pius IXs declaration of papal infallibility in 18

Front 113

Magyars

Back 113

sought political control over non-magyar peoples living within the historical boundaries of Hungary.

Front 114

Opium Wars

Back 114

fought between Britain and China. Britain won

Front 115

Parliament Act of 1911

Back 115

Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords).

Front 116

Plombieres, 1859

Back 116

Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III
that France would support a Sardinian war with
Austria for the creation of a northern Italian
kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)
o Sardinia would annex a number of Italian
states such as Venice, Lombardy, Parma,
Modena and part of the Papal States

Front 117

Prussian-Danish War, 1863

Back 117

Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of provinces

Front 118

Red Shirts

Back 118

An Italian Guerrilla Army, under Garibaldi, that fought for a democratic republic

Front 119

Representation of the People Act, 1918

Back 119

bill that gave mature women equality to men, women over thirty can vote, women protest, not equal

Front 120

Revolution of 1905

Back 120

Revolution of 1905

this occurred because of growing public discontent with the government as well as an increase in revolutionary parties or propaganda; the government refused to make any concessions and believed autocracy was the best form of government; the war went so terribly that the Russian public had even less faith in its government; police allowed father Gapon to go among the workers in an attempt to help but it resulted in the Bloody Sunday and a wave of political strikes and eventually the October Manifesto; the Russian government however was still not overthrown by this revolution

Front 121

Russo-Japanese War

Back 121

war between Japan and Russia, marking the first time an Asian nation defeated a European nation. It resulted in the Japanese takeover of the Liaotung Penninsula, Korea, and South Manchuria.

Front 122

Sardinia-Piedmont

Back 122

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.

Front 123

Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-58

Back 123

result-India was ruled by British Parliment i London and administered by a tiny all-white civil service in India

Front 124

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

Back 124

Japan gains Taiwan as a result, conflict revealed China's weakenesses and resulted in further control by imperialist powers

Front 125

Social Darwinism

Back 125

the application of Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships

Front 126

Socialist Revisionism

Back 126

The German trade unions and their leaders were thoroughgoing revisionsts; effort by socialist to update Marxian doctrines to reflect teh realites of the time

Front 127

Sudan

Back 127

a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea. Achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956; involved in state-sponsored terrorism

Front 128

Syllabus of Errors, 1864

Back 128

1864, by Pope Pius IX, the once "liberal" pope whose reforming minister was assassinated in 1848 during Mazzini's Republican revolt - causing the Pope to flee. When Pope returned to Rome after Mazzini's efforts failed, the gap between the Church and liberalism widened. Pope wrote this Syllabus of Errors in 1864 and in it warned all Catholics against liberalism and movements under the name of so-called progress and civilization.

Front 129

Ulster

Back 129

Protesting the British decision to give self-government to the Irish Catholics, the Protestants of Ulster had the support of much of the British public. Thus, in 1914, the House of Lords created a new bill that eliminated the self-government of Ireland in the northern counties of the country.

Front 130

Young Ireland

Back 130

Founded by young writers in 1842, this was a movement that aimed to recover Irish History and preserve the Gaelic Language. Hoped for the repeal of the Act of Union.