Unit 6 Normal Growth And Development

Front 1

newborn

Back 1

Freud: Oral Stage.
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security.
Kohlberg: nothing yet.

Front 2

infant

Back 2

Freud: Oral Stage.
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust Infants trust that their feeding, comfort, stimulation, and caring needs will be met.Social development is initially influenced by the infant’s reflexive behavior and includes attachment, separation recognition/anxiety, and stranger fear. Infant (birth to 1 year). Attachment is seen when the infant begins to bond with his parents. This development occurs within the first month, but actually begins before the birth of the child. The process is enhanced when the infant and parents are in good health, have positive feeding experiences, and receive adequate rest. Separation recognition occurs during the first year as the infant learns his physical boundaries from that of other people. Learning how to respond to people in his environment is the next phase of development. Positive interactions with parents, siblings, and other caregivers help to establish trust. Separation anxiety develops between 4 and 8 months of age. Infants will protest loudly when separated from parents, which can cause considerable anxiety for the parents. Stranger fear becomes evident between ages 6 to 8 months, when children are less likely to accept strangers.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security.
Kohlberg: nothing yet.

Front 3

toddler

Back 3

Freud: Anal Stage.
Erikson: Autonomy vs shame and doubt/self-control and independence. Independence is paramount for the toddler who is attempting to do everything for himself. Separation anxiety continues to occur when a parent leaves the child.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging.
Kohlberg: Preconventional level/punishment obedience orientation.

Front 4

preschooler

Back 4

Freud: Phallic Stage.
Erikson: Initiative verses guilt. The preschooler may take on many new experiences despite not having all of the physical abilities necessary to be successful at everything. Guilt may occur when children are unable to accomplish a task and believe they have misbehaved. Guiding preschoolers to attempt activities within their capabilities while setting limits is appropriate.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem.
Kohlberg: Preconventional level, premoral, instrumental orientation.

Front 5

school age

Back 5

Freud: Latent Stage.
Erikson: Industry vs. inferiority. A sense of industry is achieved through advances in learning. Motivated by tasks that increase self-worth. Fears of ridicule by peers and teachers over school-related issues are common. Some children manifest nervous behaviors to deal with the stress, such as nail biting.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem.
Kohlberg: Conventional level, good boy, nice girl orientation.

Front 6

preadolescent

Back 6

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion, sexual maturity, who am I?. The adolescent develops a sense of personal identity that is influenced by expectations of the family. Group identity – The adolescent may become part of a peer group that greatly influences behavior.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem.
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, social contract orientation.

Front 7

adolescent

Back 7

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion, sexual maturity, who am I? The adolescent develops a sense of personal identity that is influenced by expectations of the family. Group identity – The adolescent may become part of a peer group that greatly influences behavior.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem,
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, social contract orientation.

Front 8

young adult

Back 8

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Intimacy vs. isolation, searching for meaningful relationships. Takes on more responsibility.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem.
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, social contract orientation.

Front 9

middle-age adult

Back 9

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Generativity vs. self-absorbtion and stagnation, social and community involvement.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization.
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, universal ethical principle orientation.

Front 10

childbearing family

Back 10

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Generativity vs. self-absorbtion. Use life as an opportunity for creativity and productivity. Have concern for others. Consider parenting an important task. Contribute to the well-being of the next generation. Strive to do well in one’s own environment. Adjust to changes in physical appearance and abilities.
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization.
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, universal ethical principle orientation.

Front 11

older adult

Back 11

Freud: Genital Stage.
Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair, Older adults may need to: Adjust to lifestyle changes related to retirement (decreased income, living situation, loss of work role). Adapt to changes in family structure (may be role reversal in later years). Deal with multiple losses (death of a spouse, friends, siblings).
Maslow: Physical, safety and security, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization.
Kohlberg: Postconventional level, universal ethical principle orientation.