Unit 4 - Muscular System

Front 1

Types of Muscular Tissue

Back 1

Skeletal-Striated/Voluntary
Cardiac-Striated/Involuntary
Smooth-Non Striated/Involuntary

Front 2

Smooth Muscle Tiisue

Back 2

Located in stomach, uterus, blood vessels - hollow organs.
layers (circular & longitudinal)
contains endomysium

Front 3

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 3

Walls of heart
contains endomysium

Front 4

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 4

Bones of skeleton
Cylinders
many nuclei
Contains: Empimysium, Perimysium & Endomysium

Front 5

Function of Muscular Tissue

Back 5

Movement
Joint Stabilization
Producing Heat
Maintain Posture

Front 6

Contraction

Back 6

Shortening of muscle cells.
Sequence that causes a filament to slide.

Front 7

Four Steps of Contraction Cycle

Back 7

1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges
3. Power Strokes
4. Binding ATP and Detaching

Front 8

Muscle Fiber

Back 8

Muscle Cell.

Front 9

Endomysium

Back 9

Thin, dense, protective.
Connective Tissue
Sorrounds each cell
contains capillaries, nerves and lymphatics

Front 10

Perimysium

Back 10

Holds together a bundle of muscle fibers called fascicles

Front 11

Sacro-

Back 11

Flesh, Muscle

Front 12

Myo-

Back 12

Muscle

Front 13

Fascicle

Back 13

Small group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
Found in skeletal muscle tissue

Front 14

Empimysium

Back 14

Irregular connective tissue
Surrounds complete muscle
Thickest of connective tissue
Holds fascicles together

Front 15

Tendon

Back 15

Fibrous
Connects muscle to bone
Perimysium and epimysium become tendons

Front 16

Periostium

Back 16

Membrane
Lines the surface of all bones
Not at the joints of long bones

Front 17

Aponeuroses

Back 17

Flat, broad sheet like tendons

Front 18

Glucose

Back 18

Molecule.
type of sugar body uses for energy

Front 19

ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 19

Stores glucose
Energy molecule of cells
25% energy used
waste energy warm

Front 20

Sarcolema

Back 20

Cell membrane of a muscle cell

Front 21

Myofibrils

Back 21

Cylinders running the length of muscle cell
Actomyosin filaments
Striated

Front 22

Cytoplasm

Back 22

Fluid that fills cell
synthesizes acetylcholine

Front 23

Myofilaments

Back 23

Small rods of the myofibril cylinder
Make striations in muscle

Front 24

Two Types of Myofilaments

Back 24

Thick - Myosin
Thin - Actin, Troponin (calcium), and Tropomyosin (calcium)

Front 25

Myosin

Back 25

Molecular motor protein
Thick filament
Hydrolyzes ATP
Two heads & shaft (golf club)
Move across Actin
Found in dark band

Front 26

Actin

Back 26

Thin filament
two intertwind protein strands
found in light band
Hydrolyzes ATP

Front 27

Crossbridges

Back 27

Heads of myosin
Interact with actin during muscle contraction

Front 28

ATPase

Back 28

Enzyme that breaks down ATP energy
Found in myosin head

Front 29

A band

Back 29

Dark band of myofibril cylinder
Overlapping mysosin and actin filaments.

Front 30

H Zone

Back 30

Light band in the center of an A band in a sarcomere

Front 31

I Band

Back 31

Lightest band of sarcomere
Straddles two sarcomere
striated muscle
consists of thin filaments

Front 32

Z Line (disc)

Back 32

Disc like plate
In middle of I Band

Front 33

Sarcomere

Back 33

Are between two Z lines
Found in striated muscle fiber
Shortens during muscle contraction

Front 34

Relaxed Muscle Cell

Back 34

Thin filments can't connect to thick filaments on myosin head.

Front 35

Myosin Binding Site

Back 35

Where actin molecule on a thin filament attaches on a myosin head

Front 36

Regulatory Proteins

Back 36

block actin from binding to myosin head

Front 37

Sacrcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 37

Membrane sacs that suround every mofibril
Store calcium ions (Ca++) for muscle contraction

Front 38

Ca++ -

Back 38

1)Charged calcium ion
2) Stored in sarcoplasmic reticulm sacs during muscle relaxation
3) When released flood cell
4) Bond to regulatory proteins on thin filament when released

Front 39

What permits the attachment of actin to myosin

Back 39

1) Unblocking of myosin binding sites on the actins when Ca++ bonds to regulatory proteins
2) Ca++ has to be release from sarcoplasmic reticulum sacs first
3) Contraction starts

Front 40

Motor Neurons

Back 40

1) Cause release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum sacs
2) Nerve cells that have their cell body in the spinal cord
3) Axons leave cord and
4) pentrate the epimysium and perimysium layers and then branch

Front 41

Motor Unit

Back 41

the branches of a single motor neuron and the muscle cells it connects with

Front 42

Axonal Terminals
(Synaptic bulbs/knobs)

Back 42

1) Enlarged sacs at the end of each axon branch.
2) Last stop for motor neuron
3)Connects with sarcolemma membrane

Front 43

Synaptic Cleft (Synapse)

Back 43

Space between axon terminals and sarcolemma

Front 44

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 44

Combination of axonal terminals of motor neuron, synapse and sarcolemma

Front 45

Synaptic Vesicles

Back 45

Small membrane saces of the axonal terminal

Front 46

Vesicle

Back 46

Small membrane sac

Front 47

Vacuole

Back 47

Large membrane sac

Front 48

Acetycholine (ACh)

Back 48

1) neurotransmitter molecule
2) found at the neuromuscular junction of an axon terminal
3) cause action potentials to move across synapse to srcolemma

Front 49

Receptors

Back 49

Bond to aceylocholine
protiens from the sacolemma under the axonal terminal

Front 50

Action Potential

Back 50

Nerve impulse
Only travel along a membrane

Front 51

Muscle Paralysis

Back 51

Occurs when acetylcholine does not reach sarcolemma receptors

Front 52

Acetylcholine Esterase

Back 52

1)Enzyme breaks down acetlycholine so muscles can relax
2) Found on sardolemma

Front 53

Sliding Filament Theory

Back 53

crossbridges(myosin heds) attach to thin filaments & make the thin filaments slide towards the center of the sarcomere.
Z-lines shorten - muscle shortens

Front 54

Power Stroke

Back 54

Shifting of myosin head

Front 55

Recovery Stroke

Back 55

Return to original position of the myosin head after Power Stroke

Front 56

Relaxation

Back 56

Lengthening of sacromeres after myosin (thick filaments) release themselves from actins.

Front 57

All or Nothing Rule

Back 57

Muscle cell is rlaxed or when it contracts, always contracts to same extent

Front 58

Four Steps of Contraction

Back 58

1. Splitting ATP
2. Forming Crossbridges
3. Power Strokes
4. Binding ATP and detaching

Front 59

Recruitment

Back 59

ativiating more motor untis for increased strength

Front 60

To Increase Muscle Strenght

Back 60

Recruitment, sets of action potentials by motor neurons

Front 61

Incomplete

Back 61

Musclescan't relax between contractions

Front 62

Complete Tetanus

Back 62

stopping of muscle contraction when muscles unable to relax

Front 63

Tetanus

Back 63

1) Increases strenght in muscle
2) Fibers in motor units

Front 64

Phosphate Groups

Back 64

Three units in a row of adenosine triphosphate
contain bonds with energy & cells that only use enrgy from this group

Front 65

Cyanide

Back 65

Prevents cells for using ATP

Front 66

ADP

Back 66

molecule with two phosphate groups
molecule left after cells use ATP energy

Front 67

Glycogen

Back 67

molecule of the branched glucose chain

Front 68

Areobic Respiration

Back 68

the use of oxygen to break down glucose
Generates 3 ATP molecules

Front 69

Pyruvic acid

Back 69

molecule formed after glucose is broken down in areobic respiration

Front 70

Glycolysis

Back 70

1) process of converting
2) glucose to pyruvic acid
3) occurs in fluid of cytosol cell
can regenerate 2 ATP molecules

Front 71

Mitochondrion

Back 71

1) Energy factories of cells. 2) Pyruvic acid found here
3) Take in and break down nutrients

Front 72

Carbon Dioxide & Water

Back 72

Final products of anerobic respiration that breakdown glucose di

Front 73

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Back 73

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose
without oxygen
glucose to lactic acid - 2 ATP

Front 74

Lactic Acid

Back 74

Muscle ache and pain during exercise

Front 75

Oxygen Debt

Back 75

Oxygen needed after aerobic exercise

Front 76

Fatigue

Back 76

Running out of ATP

Front 77

Isotonic Contractions

Back 77

tension in muscle stays the same, muscle contracts and lengthens or shortens

Front 78

Isometric Contractions

Back 78

Muscle does not change in length

Front 79

Origins

Back 79

Attachment of muscle to stationary bone

Front 80

Insertions

Back 80

Attachment of muscle to movable bone

Front 81

Prime Mover or Agonist

Back 81

Muscle that causes desired action

Front 82

Synergist

Back 82

Cooperation of muscles

Front 83

Antagonist

Back 83

Relax while prime movers contract - Act opposit of prime movers

Front 84

Prime Mover

Back 84

Responsible for a specirfic movement in a muscle

Front 85

Fixators

Back 85

1) Immobilizes joint or bone