Unit 3 Psych Gender

Front 1

progression of intimate relationships

Back 1

initial attraction

close connection

commitment

Front 2

initial attraction relies on the 4 gateways to attraction:

Back 2

-frequent exposure
-physical attractiveness
-availability
-absence of exclusion material

Front 3

sternbergs 3 dimensions of love

Back 3

-passion
-intimacy
-commitment

Front 4

stereotypically masquline communication:

Back 4

direct and assertve

aimes at:
-task completion
-social dominance

Front 5

stereotypically feminine communication

Back 5

inclusive and supportive

aimes at:
-creating intimacy
-avoiding conflict

Front 6

characteristics of tentative language?

Back 6

-expressions of uncertainty
-hedges
-tag questions
-intensifiers

Front 7

women do use tentative language more than men BUT:

Back 7

-strongly context dependent
-more overlap than difference in communication styles
-expression of interpersonal sensitivity, rather than lack of assertiveness

Front 8

friendships reflect the gender roles seen in ______ styles

Back 8

COMMUNICATION!

Front 9

female friendships:

Back 9

-based on intimacy and trust

-dyads

-more fragile

Front 10

male friendships

Back 10

based on shared activities

-larger groups of interrelated friends

-traditional gender roles and homophobia prevent the development of intimacy

Front 11

cross-gender friendships:

Back 11

-rely on flexibility of each friend

-provides a basis for practicing male-female communication

Front 12

dating basics

Back 12

-begins with attraction

-passion typically precedes intimacy and commitment

-follows the heterosexual script, lesbian and gay relationships too!

Front 13

Family duty model (marraige)

Back 13

commitment to eachother and the family

Front 14

companionship model

Back 14

distinct, traditional gender roles for men and women

Front 15

independence model (marraige)

Back 15

assumes equality between partners and values individual freedom and development

Front 16

interdependence model (marraige)

Back 16

emphasis commitment and mutual support between partners

Front 17

cohabitating relationships compared to marraige

Back 17

-less stable due to more factors than those related to marraige

Front 18

similarities in experience of emotions between men and women:

Back 18

-reported frequency
-observed expression

Front 19

differences in expression of emotion between genders:

Back 19

-Display Rules (reflect cultural stereotypes about femininity and masqulinity)

-Most gender differences exist in the display rules, not in experienced emotion
(social learning leads to bias)

Front 20

Display rules (emotion) vary by culture

Examples:

Back 20

-collectivist cultures

-individualist cultures

-anger is not universally masculine

Front 21

origin of maternal instinct stereotype:

Back 21

-women seen as intellectually inferior to men and more emotionally responsive to babies

Front 22

Harlow's studies with primates, are women inately prepared to nurture young?

Back 22

-maternal abilities are associated with emotional stability and social interaction during youth

Front 23

(maternal instinct)

Biological Imperative: protect and care for offspring

Back 23

-no evidence that care can only come from mothers

-gender bias produces evidence in support of maternal instinct and paternal failure to nurture

-gender stereotypes perpetuate the tendency to percieve mothers in caregiving roles

Front 24

the evolutionary psychology viwe that aggression was advantageous to men OVERLOOKS:

Back 24

-the necessity of aggression in females

-the fact that unchecked aggression is counter-productive to group fitness

Front 25

how do men and women differ in aggression?

Back 25

-display of aggression

-purpose of aggression

Front 26

aggression and compulsivity DECREASE with age, why?

Back 26

-prefrontal cortex develops
-temporary increase at puberty

Front 27

gender influences ____ of aggression displayed

Back 27

TYPE of aggression

Front 28

men are the most common _____ and _____ of violent crime

Back 28

perpetrators and victims of violent crime

Front 29

common traits of males who commit violent crimes

Back 29

-family history of instability and violence

-hold traditional gender stereotypes about women

-treat women with violence

-feel entitled to sex

Front 30

neil MALAMUTH proposed that the convergence of 2 factors relate to rape:

Back 30

1. high levels of uncommited, impersonal sex

2. hostil masqulinity- hostility toward and desire to dominate women

Front 31

men and women experience similar levels of anger, but men are more likely to express their anger as physical aggression. why is this?

Back 31

-different social expectations

-different reninforcements for aggression experienced by boys and girls

Front 32

regarding aggression, women are more likely to____

Back 32

-be violent in private
-use indirect or social aggression
-respond violently if they feel justified in doing so and protected from retaliation

Front 33

Robert Brannon listed 4 criteria for compliance with the Male Gender Role Identity, two of which were emotion:

Back 33

1. No sissy stuff
2. Give em hell

Front 34

Psychologists have used 3 types of measurements to assess emotion:

Back 34

1. self-reports
2. observed behavior
3. physical arousal

Front 35

there are few gender differences in the experience of emotion, HOWEVER there are gender differences in_____

Back 35

-how and when emition is displayed

Front 36

the notion that emotion's are the result of instincts can be traced to
----

Back 36

-Darwings theory of evolution

Front 37

in psych the explanation that emotion is instictive has faded EXCEPT FOR_____

Back 37

--beliefs about maternal instinct

-an instinct towards aggression

Front 38

Harlow's studies with monkeys demonstrated that ___________ was critical in developing adequate maternal behaviors

Back 38

experience

Front 39

attachment is a concept related to maternal instinct BUT ________

Back 39

does not necessarily rely on instinct as its basis

-allows for attachment between infants and other caregivers

Front 40

research on gender differences in responsiveness to babies in self reports and public displays found......

Back 40

that it is consistent with the stereotypes

Front 41

boys are free to express their nurturance to ____, and they do

Back 41

pets

Front 42

the greater pleasure for women caring for children comes with_____

Back 42

-greater irritation in caring for them

Front 43

does the concept of maternal isntinct have any support as a biologically based explanation for caregiving?

Back 43

-NO

Front 44

agression is stable over time, explain:

Back 44

-violent children are more likely to be violent adults and to have aggressive children

Front 45

small gender differences in aggression in lab studies, but LARGE DIFFERENCES exist in ________

Back 45

-crime rates

Front 46

univerals in emotion across cultures:

Back 46

experience the same range of emotions, including the 6 basic:

-happiness
-surprise
-fear
-sadness
-anger
-contempt

Front 47

diversity in emotion across culture:

Back 47

-situations that evoke these emotions and the rules that govern their display differ enormously across cultures

Front 48

differences in group associations for boys and girls:

Back 48

-girls smaller groups
-boys larger groups with more of a hierarchial organization

Front 49

when did dating arise and why did it?

Back 49

1920's

changing patterns of mate selection

Front 50

dating is not only a method of courting but also:

Back 50

-forum for recreation
-socialization
-sexual exploration

Front 51

we prefer partners who are:

Back 51

-warm and kind
-expressive
-intelligent
-physically attractive

Front 52

blueprints for marraige or committed relationships:

Back 52

-companionship
-independence
-interdependence

Front 53

companionship blueprint:

Back 53

-separate gender roles and emphasizes the womens role in maintaining a love relationship

Front 54

independence blueprint

Back 54

-arouse in 1960's
-meeting of two independent individuals
-emphasizes self developmenmt


-concept of androynous marraige arose
-blueprint critisized for encouraging empty relationships with insufficient committment

Front 55

interdependence blueprint

Back 55

-also includes flexible gender roles, BUT calls for committment based on acknoledging mutual dependence

-Cancian argues that partners are always dependent or eachother in relationships and that the other two blueprints fail to acknoledge this

Front 56

Sternber's triangular model of love in relation to Cancian's blueprints:

Back 56

-companionship blueprint: have all 3 components but not in equal proportion for men and women. women seek more intimacy than men, producing unequal balance

-Independent: short on committment

Interdependent: consumate love, the equal balance of all 3 components

Front 57

men are more ______ in their conceptualization of love, and marraige tends to ______ them more


BUT.....

Back 57

romantic,
benefit,

BUT they are not necessarily happier with their marraiges

Front 58

research shows that differences in communication are more likely due to _____ than to gender

Back 58

-power differentials

Front 59

why does the balance of power in marraige generally favor men?

Back 59

-greater economic resources
-society accords men more power

Front 60

division of household labor reflects_____

Back 60

power difference, women perform far more housetasks even when they have paid employment outside of the home

Front 61

both men and women behave violently towards eachother in some marraiges, BUT...

Back 61

women more likely to be injured

Front 62

stable love relationships tend to occur in couples with:

Back 62

-similar attitudes and values
-the commitment factor in marraige produces greater stability than other love relationships

Front 63

Most women and men find positive factors in divorce despite the financial and emotional problems:

Back 63

-most remarry or cohabit
-form more equitable second marraiges

Front 64

male-dominated cultures and marraige:

Back 64

-restrict women's access to resources

-tend to establish restrictive relationships

-allow fewer options for women to leave marraige

-condone greater intimate partner violence

Front 65

most sex research has used the surveying technique, what are problems with this method?

Back 65

-possibility of inaccuracy of self reports

-obtaining a representative sample that allows generalization to the population

Front 66

who conducted the most famous sex serveys and what did they find?

Back 66

-Kinsey

-prevalence of many sexual activities that differed from social norms

Front 67

what surveys attempted to extend Kinsey's findings?

-what change did they find?

Back 67

-the Playboy foundation survey
-the National Health and Social Life survey

-decrease in double standard

Front 68

Masters and Johnson approach to studying sexuality:

Back 68

-measuring sexual responses directly during masturbation and intercourse in an attempt to understand the physiology of sexual response

Front 69

Masters and Johnson 4 stages of sexual response:

Back 69

-excitement
-plateau
-orgasm
-resolution

Front 70

gender differences in premarital sexual activity have ______ over the past 50 years

Back 70

decreased

Front 71

infrequency of masturbation may lead women to what?

Back 71

being less likely to orgasm during partnered sex

Front 72

underlying reasons for this sexual orientation is not understood however recent research has concentrated on biological factors such as:


these biological factors may interact with ___________ to produce homosexuality, bisexuality, or heterosexuality

Back 72

-genetics
-prenatal exposure


-personality traits and preferences

Front 73

most poorly understood sexual orientation

Back 73

bisexual

Front 74

regarding their performance in classroom work boys receive more___________

Back 74

-attention and feedback

Front 75

what gender makes better grades in elementary school?

confidence in abilities as students get to Jr. High?

Back 75

-girls

-less confident

Front 76

while it is now more common for girls to pursue courses in math and science, but they are still less likely to take ______________courses

Back 76

PHYSICAL science

-computer

Front 77

what kinds of careers does gender stereotyping push men and women into? (that enter career and technical education programs)

Back 77

men: lucrative skilled trades

women: low-paying clerical and child-care skills

Front 78

attacment

Back 78

an intimate relationship that forms between a caregiver (almost always a mother) and an infant

Front 79

bonding

Back 79

an emotional attachment that develops between primary caregiver and infant within a few hours or days after birth

Front 80

display rules

Back 80

learned social rules that govern who may display which emotion to whom, and in what situation each emotion may be displayed

Front 81

companionate love

Back 81

committment and intimacy without passion

Front 82

gross motor skills

Back 82

skills involving use of large muscles of the body, producing large movements

Front 83

homophobia

Back 83

the unreasonable fear and hatred of homosexuality

Front 84

machoism

Back 84

strong and assertive masqulinity, implys complete male authority

Front 85

matriarchy

Back 85

a family patern in which women are dominant or a pattern in which women are the head of the household due to the fathers absence

Front 86

fear of success

Back 86

the negative consequences that come with success

Front 87

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Back 87

the federal act that prohibited educational institutions that recieve federal funds from discriminating on the basis of gender

Front 88

gender harrassment

Back 88

a type of sexual harassment that occurs when people are subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of their gender

Front 89

glass ceiling

Back 89

the invisible barrior that seems to prevent women and ethnic minorities from reaching the highest levels of their professions

Front 90

hostile enviroment sexual harrassment

Back 90

the type of sexual harassment that occurs when employers allow offensive elements to exist in the work enviroment

Front 91

quid pro quo sexual harassment

Back 91

sexual harassment in the form of demands for sexual favors in exchange for employment or promotion

Front 92

sex role spillover

Back 92

the hypothesis that gender role characteristics spill over into the workplace, creating stereotyping and sexualized atmosphere

Front 93

cardiovascular disease

Back 93

a group of diseases involving the heart and circulatory system, some of which are life threatening; heart attack and stroke are the most common

Front 94

morbidity

Back 94

illness

Front 95

mortality

Back 95

death

Front 96

osteoporosis

Back 96

the process of bone demineralization, resulting in greater likelihood of orthopedic problems and injuries

Front 97

agoraphobia

Back 97

anxiety about being in places or situations in which escape might be difficult or embarassing

Front 98

antisocial personality disorder

Back 98

irresponsible and antisocial behavior such as lyign, fighting, stealing, and physical cruelty

Front 99

coping

Back 99

the process of changing thoughts and behaviors to manage situations that involve potential stressors

Front 100

culture-bound syndromes

Back 100

patterns of abnormal behavior that are unique to a specific culture group