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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define pathology |
The study of disease
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Define disease |
When an infection results in any change from a state of health |
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Define etiology |
The study of the cause of diseases
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Define infection |
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
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Define commensalism |
Association between 2 organisms where one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped |
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Define mutualism |
Both organisms are benefited |
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Define parasitism |
One is helped and the other is harmed
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What are opportunistic pathogens? |
Ordinarily do not cause disease, but can in a different enviornment |
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What are the conditions that create opportunities for pathogens? |
Immune supression |
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Define communicable |
Any disease that spreads from one host to another, directly or indirectly |
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Define contagious |
diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
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Define noncommunicable |
when disease is not spread from one host to another
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Define acute |
An abrupt onset |
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Define chronic |
indefinate duration of disease
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Define subaccute |
Recent onset |
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Define latent |
existing in hidden or dormant form |
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Define endemic |
Disease constantly present in population |
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Define epidemic |
people in a given area acquire certain disease in relatively short period
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Define pandemic |
Epidemic that is world wide
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Define sporadic |
Particular disease only occurs occasionally
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Define bacteremia |
bacteria invades bloodstream |
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Define septicemia |
virulent microorganisms invade bloodstream |
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Define toxemia |
The spread of bacteria BY the bloodstream |
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Define local infection |
limited to small area of the bodyl |
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Define focal infection |
local infections spread to other parts of the body |
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Define primary and secondary infections |
Primary - Infection causes initial illness
Secondary - caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection |
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Define herd immunity |
immune people are present in community
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How do you distinguish incubation of a disease? |
time between initial infection and appearance of any signs or symptoms |
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How do you distinguish prodromal stage of disease? |
early, mild symptoms
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How do you distinguish the illness stage of disease? |
disease is most severe
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How do you distinguish the decline of disease? |
Signs and symptoms subside
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How do you distinguish the convalescence state of disease? |
body regains strength and returns to pre-diseased state |
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Describe how spread of infectious disease may occur |
direct or indirect contact with infected |
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Describe reservoir |
site where pathogens are maintained as source of infection |
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How are living and nonliving reservoirs related? |
they are places where bacteria can live and grow on that is either an object or living organism |
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Describe transmission |
going from reservoir to host |
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Describe contact |
direct, indirect, or droplet transmission
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Describe formite |
nonliving object involved in spread of infection
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Describe droplet transmission |
microbes spread short distances through sneezing, coughing, laughing, or talking |
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Describe vehicle transmission |
transmission by medium
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Describe airborne transmission |
infection by droplet in dust that travel more than 1 meter |
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Describe vector born |
animals that carry pathogens from one host to another |
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Describe how nosocomial infections are obtained |
Hospital infections |
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Describe epidemiology |
Study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted |
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What is the signifigance of epidemiology |
Improve the treatment and prevention of diseases |
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What is the purpose of the CDC and MMWR? |
To collect data on disease
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What are case reporting and nationally notifiable diseases? |
diseases physicians are required to report by law
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What are emerging infectious diseases? |
Infectious diseases whose incidence has increased |
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What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence? |
Pathogenicy - ability to cause illness |
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What is the concept of ID50 and LD50? |
The required dose required to kill or infect 50% of the test population |
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Define portals of entry |
entrance to the body |
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Define portals of exit |
site where microorganisms leave the body |
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Define preferred portal of entry |
entry that is prerequisite to being able to cause disease |
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What are the microbial components involved in adherence? |
Glycocalyx Fimbriae M protein |
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Describe penetration |
invade host by disrupting cell wall/membrane |
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What are the major bacterial methods of evading host defense? |
Antigenic variation |
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Describe the types of damages caused by a pathogen |
Using host's nutrients |
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What are the 3 types of exotoxin? |
A-B toxins |
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What are the differences between endo and exotoxin? |
Exotoxins - toxins secreted by cell |
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What are the differences between endotoxin and exotoxin in heat stability |
Exotoxin - unstable (easily destroyed) |
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What are the differences between endotoxin and exotoxin in immunology? |
Exotoxin - neutralized by antitoxin Endotoxin - Not easily neutralized by antitoxin |
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What are the differences between endotoxin and exotoxin in chemistry? |
Exotoxin - proteins, usually 2 parts
Endotoxin - lipid portion |
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What is lysogenic conversion? |
Host cell exhibit new properties encoded by bacteriophage
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What are the pathogenic properties of virus and other non bacterial pathogens? |
Toxins
Allergic reactions Direct cell damage Cell death Taking nutrients |
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Define nonspecific (innate) immunity |
defenses present at birth |
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Define specific (adaptive) immunity |
specific response to specific microbe once microbe has breached innate immunity defenses
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Describe physical factors involved in resistance to disease |
Barriers to entry |
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Describe chemical factors involved in resistance to disease |
Substances made by the body that inhibit microbial growth or destroy them
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Name the types of blood cells involved in cellular defense |
Leukocytes |
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Describe phagocytes |
Cells that ingest other substances |
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Describe macrophages (monocytes) |
Phagocytic cells stationary in tissues or mobile white blood cell |
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Describe neutrophils |
neutrophilic white blood cell |
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Define the term phagocytosis |
Cell engulfs solid particle |
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Describe the mechanism for phagocytosis |
Adherence of phagocyte to microbe |
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Describe extracellular killing |
Killing of microbes outside of the cell |
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Describe the process of inflamation |
Damage to healthy tissue |
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What is the significance of inflammation? |
It initiates the healing process |
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Describe vasodilation |
widening of blood vessels |
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Describe histamine |
Released in response to injury |
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Describe kinins |
attract phagocytic granulocytes to injured area
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Describe diapedesis |
movement of blood cells from capillary walls into surrounding body tissue |
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Describe leukotrienes |
Substance produced by mast celles to increase the permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens |
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Describe protaglandins |
Substances released by damaged cells that help phagocytes move through capillary walls
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Describe leukocytosis |
Increase in the number of white blood cells |
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Describe what a fever is |
Abnormally high body temperature |
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What causes a fever |
Infection from bacterias or viruses
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What are the benefits of fever? |
Intensifies effect of antiviral interferons |
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What are the harms of a fever? |
Rapid heartbeat Death |
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Explain the initiation of the complement system |
Proteins destroy microbes by enhanced phagocytosis, inflammation, cytolysis |
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Describe opsonization |
bacteria are targeted for destruction by immune cell |
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Describe cytolysis |
Cell bursts |
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Describe both pathways of acivation |
Classical - initiated when antibodies bind to antigens |
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Describe ways bacteria can evade complement system |
Capsules Enzymes Inhibits MAC formation Attaches to complement receptors |
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Describe the action of interferon |
Signals uninfected cells to heighten antiviral defenses |
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How do interferon protect from viral infection? |
Signal other cells
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What is humoral immune system |
Antibody related, where B cells recognize antigens/pathogens |
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What is cell mediated immune system? |
Immune response not involving antibodies |
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Describe passive immune system |
Acquired through transfer of antibodies from an immune host |
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Describe active immune system |
Induced in host by antigen |
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Describe artificial immune system |
Antibodies produced elsewhere and injected into host |
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Describe natural immune system |
Where the body produces its own antibodies |
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Define antigen |
Causes an immune response to foreign particles |
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Define antibody (immunoglobulin) |
Y shaped proteins that identify and help remove antigens |
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Define antiserum |
serum containing antibodies against specific antigens |
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Define hapten |
Extremely small antigens |
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Define epitopes |
Antibody binding site |
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Describe antigenes |
Proteins or large polysaccharides that are foreign |
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Function of IgG and structure |
Main blood antibody |
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Function of IgA and structure |
Secreted into mucus, tears, saliva |
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Function and structure of IgM |
First respond to initial exposure to antigen |
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Function and structure of IgD |
B cell surface receptor |
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Function and structure of IgE |
Fights cells too big to engulf, allergic responses, and parasites |
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Describe self-tolerance immune response |
Failure to attack body's own proteins and antigens
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Describe specificity immune response |
ability to recognize and eliminate particular microorganisms |
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Describe diversity in immune response |
Ability to respond to many different kinds of invaders |
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Describe memory in immune response |
ability to remember antigens it has acquired |
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Describe the role of T cells |
Mature in Thymus |
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Describe the role of B cells |
Secrete antibodies |
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Describe the role of plasma cells |
Produce single kind of antibody |
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Describe the role of memory cells |
Remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in later infections |
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Describe T-dependent antigenes |
activated by proteins |
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Describe T-independent antigens |
Activated by polysaccharides |
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Describe attenuated whole agent vaccination |
living, weakened microbes |
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Describe Inactivated whole agent |
Microbes that have been killed |
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Describe Toxoid |
Safe |
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Describe subunit vaccinations |
contains part of microorganism to simulate immune response |
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Describe recombinant vaccinations |
subunits generated by recombinant technology |
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Describenucleic acid vaccinations |
Not currently used in humans |
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Do vaccines work best on viral or bacterial diseases? |
Viral |
