Unit 3 - High Yield Gi

Front 1

Cleft lip/palate

Back 1

failure of fusion of facial processes

Front 2

Mumps

Back 2

Bilateral parotitis; unilateral orchitis; increase in amylase

Front 3

Diptheria

Back 3

Pseudomembrane pharynx and trachea w/ cervical lymphadenopathy

Front 4

Congenital syphillis CP

Back 4

notched central incisors

Front 5

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Back 5

Mucosal pigmentation; harmatomatous polyps

Front 6

Dyspagia for solids only

Back 6

Lesion obstructing esophagus (cancer, web_

Front 7

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

Back 7

Iron deficiency anemia causes esophageal web, glossitis, achlorhydria

Front 8

Dysphagia for solids and liquids

Back 8

Motor abnormalitiy (achalasia)

Front 9

Tracheal-esophageal fistula

Back 9

Proximal esophagus ends blindly; distal esophagus derives from trachea

Front 10

Zenker's Diverticulum

Back 10

Diverticulum of esophagus; halitosis

Front 11

GERD

Back 11

Relaxation of LES with acid reflux;

Front 12

AIDS esophagitis

Back 12

Candida

Front 13

Barrett's esophagus

Back 13

glandular metaplasia distal esophagus in GERD

Front 14

Complications of Barrett's

Back 14

Precursor for adenocarcinoma; stricture

Front 15

Esophageal varices

Back 15

Dilated left gastric coronary vein; sign portal hypertension from cirrhosis

Front 16

Mallory Weiss Syndrome

Back 16

Tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic or bulimic

Front 17

LES Ganglion Cells

Back 17

Use VIP to relax LES

Front 18

Achalasia

Back 18

Failure relaxation LES (no VIP)'; absent ganglion cells myenteric plexus

Front 19

Steakhouse Syndrome

Back 19

Aperistalsis/dilation of esophagus; regurgitation undigested food at night

Front 20

X-ray achalasia

Back 20

bird's beak appearance

Front 21

Acquired achalasia

Back 21

Chaga's disease; leishmania destroy ganglion cells (T. cruzi)

Front 22

Distal adenocarcinoma esophagus

Back 22

most common primary cancer, due to barrett's esophagus

Front 23

Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

Back 23

smoking MCC; alcohol also

Front 24

Melena

Back 24

Sign of upper GI bleed; acid changes Hb to hematin; PUD MCC

Front 25

Hematemesis

Back 25

Vomiting blood; peptic ulcers MCC

Front 26

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Back 26

Hypertrophy pyloric muscle; vomiting non-bile stained fluid in 2-4 weeks

Front 27

Acute hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis

Back 27

NSAIDs MCC

Front 28

Mucous barrier of stomach

Back 28

Maintained by PGE; misoprostol PGE analog

Front 29

Type A chronic Gastritis

Back 29

Due to pernicious anemia; achlorhydria with increased serum gastrin

Front 30

Type B chronic gastritis

Back 30

due to H. pylori; involves pylorus and antrum

Front 31

H. pylori

Back 31

Curved rod; urease producer; MCC PUD; adenocarcinoma; gastric lymphoma

Front 32

Gastric ulcer

Back 32

Less curvature pylorus and antrum; poor defense against acid; food aggravates pain

Front 33

Duodenal ulcer

Back 33

Never malignant; increased acid production; food relives pain

Front 34

Perforated peptic ulcer

Back 34

Air under diaphragm causes pain in left shoulder

Front 35

Menetrier's Disease

Back 35

Giant rugal hyperplasia; protein loss from increased mucus

Front 36

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Back 36

Malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin

Front 37

Hypergastrinemia

Back 37

Zollinger Ellison; achlorhydria; gastric distension; H2 or proton blockers; renal failure

Front 38

Leiomyoma

Back 38

MC benign tumor of stomach

Front 39

Malabsorption

Back 39

Steatorrhea; chronic pancreatitis; bile salt deficiency; small bowel disease

Front 40

Causes bile salt deficiency

Back 40

Liver disease; bile salt resins; cholestasis; bacterial overgrowth; Chron's

Front 41

D-xylose screen

Back 41

Failure to reabsorb xylose indicates small bowel disease

Front 42

Calcification of pancreas

Back 42

Chronic pancreatitis; cause of malabsorption

Front 43

Celiac Disease

Back 43

Autoimmune dx; ab against gliadin in gluten; flat villi

Association with dermatitis herpetiformis

Front 44

Whipple's Disease

Back 44

Systemic infection; foamy macrophages w/ bacteria in small bowel submucosa

SS = fever, polyarthritis, skin pigmentation

Front 45

Invasive Diarrhea

Back 45

Campylobacter jejuni MCC; positive fecal smear for leukocytes

Front 46

Secretory Diarrhea

Back 46

Loss isotonic fluid; enterotoxins from E. coli and V. cholerae

Front 47

Osmotic Diarrhea

Back 47

Hypotonic loss fluid; laxatives, lactase deficiency

Front 48

Rotavirus

Back 48

MCC diarrhea in children

Front 49

Norwalk Virus

Back 49

MCC diarrhea in adults

Front 50

Cytomegalovirus

Back 50

Most common cause diarrhea in AIDS; MCC cholecystitis and pancreatitis in AIDs

Front 51

Staphylococcus Aureus

Back 51

Preformed toxin causes food poisoning; culture food

Front 52

Bacillus Cereus

Back 52

Preformed toxin in fried rice and tacos; gram positive rods in stool

Front 53

C. botulinum (adult)

Back 53

Preformed neurotoxin (blocks acetylcholine release); paralysis and mydriasis

Front 54

C. botulinum (child)

Back 54

Colonization of bowel with release of neurotoxin; eating honey

Front 55

C. difficile

Back 55

Pseudomembranous colitis post-antibiotics; toxin assay stool; Rx metronidazole

Front 56

Shigella sonnei

Back 56

Produces dysentery (bloody diarrhea); associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome

Front 57

Salmonella enteritidis

Back 57

Gastroenteritis; animal reservoirs of poultry, turtles

Front 58

Salmonella paratyphi

Back 58

Sepsis; osteomyelitis in HbSS

Front 59

Salmonella Typhi

Back 59

Typhoid fever; human transmission; bradycardia, neutropenia, splenomegaly

Front 60

Carrier state site for salmonella typhi

Back 60

gallbladder

Front 61

M. tuberculosis

Back 61

MCC intestinal TB in United States (swallow TB); Peyer's patch site of infection

Front 62

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Back 62

Secretory diarrhea (traveler's diarrhea); toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase

Front 63

Vibrio cholerae

Back 63

Secretory diarrhea; toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP

Front 64

Oral Rx Cholera

Back 64

Solution must contain glucose to reabsorb Na+ (cotransport)

Front 65

Yersinia enterocolitica

Back 65

Sepsis in iron overload states

Front 66

Entamoeba histolytica

Back 66

Dysentery; trophozoites phagocytose RBCs; liver abscess; Rx metronidazole

Front 67

Cryptosporidium parvum

Back 67

MCC diarrhea in AIDS; acid fast ooysts

Front 68

Giardia lamblia

Back 68

MC protozoal cause of diarrhea; cause of malabsorption; Rx metronidazole

Front 69

Trichuris trichiura

Back 69

Rectal prolapse in children

Front 70

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Back 70

Intestinal obstruction due to adult worms; no eosinophilia

Front 71

Strongloides Sterocolaris

Back 71

Rhabditiform larvae in stool not eggs

Front 72

Diphyllobothrium Latum

Back 72

Fish tapeworm; vitamin B12 deficiency

Front 73

Signs of small bowel obstruction

Back 73

Colicky pain; constipation

Front 74

Radiograph small bowel obstruction

Back 74

Air-fluid levels on x-ray

Front 75

MCC small bowel obstruction

Back 75

Adhesions from previous surgery

Front 76

Duodenal atresia

Back 76

Vomiting bile stained fluid at birth; double bubble sign; Down syndrome

Front 77

Hirschsprung Disease

Back 77

Absent ganglion cells in submucosal/myenteric plexus rectosigmoid

SS: proximal bowel dilation w/o peristalsis; no stool in rectal vault

Front 78

Hirchsprung Association

Back 78

Down syndrome; Chagas disease

Front 79

Intussuception

Back 79

Terminal ileum telescopes in cecum; obstruction plus bloody dirrhea

Front 80

Indirect inguinal hernia

Back 80

second MCC of small bowel obstruction; common in weight lifting

Front 81

Gallstone Ileus

Back 81

Obstruction of small bowel with gallstone + air in biliary tree

Front 82

Volvulus

Back 82

MC due to sigmoid colon twisting around mesentery

Front 83

Direct inguinal hernia

Back 83

Protrudes through center of triangle of Hesselbach; no obstruction

Front 84

Sigmoid colon

Back 84

MC site for polyps, cancer, diverticula

Front 85

Small bowel infarction

Back 85

Diffuse abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea

Front 86

Causes of small bowel infarction

Back 86

Embolism, thrombosis of SMA or SMV

Front 87

Ischemic Colitis

Back 87

Splenic flexure pain w/ bloody diarrhea

Front 88

Mesenteric Angina

Back 88

Pain in splenic flexure 30 minutes after eating

Front 89

Angiodysplasia

Back 89

Submucosal dilation of venules in cecum; cause of hematochezia

Front 90

Hematochezia

Back 90

Massive loss of blood per rectum; diverticulosis MCC

Front 91

Meckel's Diverticulum

Back 91

Persistence omphalomesenteric duct

SS: Iron deficiency in children, diverticulitis

Front 92

Diverticulitis

Back 92

"left sided acute appendicits"

Front 93

Ulcerative Colitis

Back 93

Mucosal/submucosal ulceration; starts in rectum; crypt abscess; increased risk adenocarcinoma

SS: left lower quadrant crampy pain w/ bloody diarrhea

Front 94

UC Associations

Back 94

Primary slcerosis cholangitis; seronegative HLA B27 + spondyloarthropathy

Front 95

Chron's Disease

Back 95

Transmural inflammation; terminal ileum involves 80%; granulomas skip lesions

Front 96

SS Chron's disease

Back 96

Colicky pain and diarrhea; fistulas (anal, bowel to bowel)

Front 97

Carcinoid Tumor

Back 97

Appendix MC site; terminal ileum MC site for carcinoid syndrome

Front 98

Carcinoid Syndrome

Back 98

Liver metasis; flushing/diarrhea due to serotonin; increased urine 5-HIAA

Front 99

Tubular Adenomas

Back 99

Precursor lesion colon cancer; size and number determine risk of malignancy

Front 100

Villous Adenoma

Back 100

Greatest risk for colon cancer (30%); secrete mucus rich in protein and potassium

Front 101

Familial polyposis

Back 101

AD with 100% penetrance for developing colon cancer

Front 102

Gardner's Syndrome

Back 102

AD, polyposis plus osteomas and desmoid tumors

Front 103

Colorectal Cancer

Back 103

Second MC cancer and cancer killer in adults

Front 104

Acute Appendicitis

Back 104

Due to lymphoid hyperplasia in children and obstruction by fecalith in adults

Front 105

External hemorrhoids

Back 105

Risk of thrombosing

Front 106

Internal hemorrhoids

Back 106

Bleed; prolapse out of rectum