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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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with the new ways of presenting news, how has this effected the sales of newspapers and how are they staying competitive? |
with the new technology evolving this has caused the sales of newspapers to fall as there are easier ways of obtaining the news. they have stayed competitive by: *lowering the prices (more affordable) *making newspapers available online *RSS feeds(links to above point) allows the news to be updated *they have started providing free gifts such as DVD and toys. |
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what are the jobs in the newspaper industry? add more info ! |
jobs: *editor in chief-responsible for all aspects of the newspaper this includes the content hiring and budgets. *managing editor-manages the newspaper. *journalist-research and write to produce a article.they must be able to conduct interviews. |
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how is the television industry such as BBC funded? (how do they make money) |
most television industry are funded through TV license. they also earn money through advertisement and sponsorship. for example BGT is sponsored and they help promote and give support. they also sell: *merchandise-linked to programs *sell programs-onto other countries *selling formats for shows. |
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what has the advancement of more channels led to? |
a increase in channels has led to the audience to be more fragmented. Meaning that target audience has become more specific of what they want to see. in the past there where limited options therefore leading to audiences watching the same thing. this has caused channels to become more focused on a specific target audiences. |
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(newspaper regulation) what is libel law?
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libel law is a law that applies to all press(reporter, journalist). is the idea that when writing or posting pictures it is not allowed to ruin a persons reputation or expose them to public hatred and finally if it ruins there business or professions.(what they enjoy) |
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what are the rules that journalist must follow?
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they follow the editors code of practice that states that they should follow: *stories should be as accurate as possible *they should not harass or do anything stated in the libel law! *allow the public to respond back *children should be kept out of press. meaning they should not be photographed. |
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why are scheduling done for programs? |
it allows a audience to be aware of what will be available to watch/listen .therefore building up an audience. television has strategies for programs to attract and maintain a audience.by providing them with content that they want to watch and also showing relevant advertisement. |
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what techniques/strategies do they use when scheduling?
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*day parting- the day is divided into parts.where during each part a appropriate program is shown dependent on the time *theming-the idea of basing a day or week on a theme. *stacking-grouping up similar programs so that the viewers will be interested in viewing one after another. |
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what are the most common and popular genres viewed in programmes ? why are soap operas popular? |
genres *soap operas---*news *reality TV--------*light entertainment *drama------------*Sltcom soap opera such as EastEnders are popular because its based on real life situations, its viewed at prime time and well known actors. |
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who owns newspapers?
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newspapers are owned by publishing and news groups. were they write edit compile print and publish newspapers. as its a expensive business most newspapers are owned by large companies that work world wide and they are known as conglomerates. |
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what are the two main words used to associate with viewing time in the UK?
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Prime time-refers to the hours between 6pm to 10:30pm-which is a period that most popular shows are screened. Watershed-is a time period that schedules adult contents such as (sex, violence and strong language. These shows are shown between the hours of 9pm to 5:30am. |
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what is a tabloid?
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is word use to describe a small newspaper format of the pages. they usually show gossip crime stories and lives of celebrities and sports stars. |
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what are the most popular newspapers in the UK? what is the circulation(views/gender) and readership (ages)? |
the most popular news papers are the sun, the daily mail and the mirror the sun daily average around: 3 million male:55% readers are between 15-24: 19% |
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what techniques/strategies do they use when scheduling?
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*counter-programming-to compete with other programs by releasing different genres or appeals to a different target audience.
*Ham-mocking-scheduling a unpopular program between two popular ones. *Hot-switching-is when a program does not have any commercial breaks.this hooks the audience to watch the next audience. |
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regulation TV-Ofcom newspaper-PCC (Press Complain Commission ,libel law |
TV keep track of viewing = BARB |
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news corp-owned by Robert Murdoch
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cross media ownership- a company that is more diverse on focusing on different content.
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focus group-ask audience questions in the context of news/TV |
libel law legal- ethical-privacy |
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(Mock) :) heres the basics : •- It will be 1 hour 30 mins long (1hr 52mins long for students requiring extra time) •- The exam will be focused solely on Section A analysis (Questions based on an unseen video product) •- You will be answering questions on allthe 4 key concepts - Form, Audience, Institution and Representation •- Use the resources in Google Drive tohelp you with your concept revision |
•- Revise the relevant terminology fromyour booklets
•- This section of the exam is based onhow meaning is constructed by media products so ensure you focus on this •- Provide examples from the text for eachpoint that you make •- Remember to PEEL each point - POINT,EVIDENCE, EXPLAIN AND LINK = back to the question. |
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(How to smash section A): •AIM FOR 15 MINUTES PER QUESTION •USE YOUR FINAL BREAK AND VIEWING TIME TO START YOUR PLANNING •WRITE 2-3 POINTS PER QUESTION USING THE PEEL SYSTEM •POINT – MAKE YOUR POINT CLEAR |
(more) •EXPLAIN YOUR POINT – OFFER MORE DETAIL INRELATION TO THEORY AND TERMINOLOGY •OFFER AN EXAMPLE – THIS SHOULD BE ADIRECT REFERENCE TO THE TEXT THAT YOU SAW (GENERALLY THROUGH FORM ANALYSIS) •LINK – LINK YOUR POINT BACK TO THEDEMANDS OF THE QUESTION
•OFFER ALTERNATIVE READINGS WHERE POSSIBLE. |
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what is a Narrative?
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are the way a story is told , it allows us to decide on whats right or wrong narrative can link to genres. |
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what is a Enigma?
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enigmas is general codes that shrucks our interest such as when a episode leaves you with a cliff hanger it makes us questions whats gonna happen next. these are puzzles in our minds that demands a answer or it leaves us to generally create a answer that we think is correct. |
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what is Vladimir Propp (fairy tale)?
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a prop is recognized as a role that a character plays as in a narrative. these could include a hero a villain heroine helper or a princess. |
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what is Todorovs theory?
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It is the theory of equilibrium and disequilibrium. so heres the theory: in a narrative (sci-fi) they always begin will a equilibrium where everything is all right next there's a disruption (something goes wrong) = disequilibrium moving on they try to find a solution so that a new equilibrium is created (a balance) |
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what is Levi Strauss theory ?
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Levi strauss theory refers to how a narrative is structured. this theory focuses more on conflict and how it can be resolved or even not resolved.... common binary oppositions include :good v evil , rich v poor, man v women |
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what are devices used in a narrative?
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•flash backs /forward •macro-overall structure and micro- mini narratives. •narrative voyeurism-is when the audience is aware of something that a member of a programme is not aware of •Ellipses-are when obvious changes between the scenes are cut to reduce length and to allow the audience to fill in the narrative gaps. |
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FINAL SUMMARY TIPS: Any points/observations made in your answers across all 4 questions do need to: 1.Refer to specific elements from the text/extract. 2.Always include reference to specific elements of form (camera angles / editing / captions /lighting / iconography / specific use of language …) 3.You should always try to consider the connotations and possible meanings these techniques may suggest to audiences but must always be supported by the inclusion of 1 and 2 above. |
Preferred reading-accept the views presented by the media. Negotiated reading- is challenging some aspects Oppositional reading- is challenging the messages given |
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Here are some media terminology you should remember and know ! (FORM): Denotation= what is shown (font, colour, images, layout, Connotation= what the image might mean to you or others Iconography- are visual images and symbols used to show meaning that relate to the content. Codes and Convention/ Genre- is what you might expect to see, read or hear in the type of media shown.these are the common trends that are seen in similar platforms.
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Juxtaposition/Binary Oppositon-is the idea of making the messages and values more meaningful and easily to understand for audiences. a example of this could be when sound is paired to a moving image to create a preferred reading. Anchorage- is limiting the amount of meanings to an image. -used in media to attach meaning to something through either the matching of words to images .For example in advertising, an image alone is polysemic-open to a range of interpretations. To clarify what the image means and so to make the image relevant to the purpose of the advert, text can be added |
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what are the main elements of Mise-en -scene? |
Mise-en-scene- relates to analyzing everything that is shown on the frame.
this could be analyzing: •lighting - low/high key lighting •costume/makeup •setting and props •body language/movement |
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(Form) more terminology what is the difference between linear and non linear narrative? |
linear follows a logical order which will appeal to a larger audience while Non linear follows in a more disjointed and non logical order. |
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(Form) more terminology what is meant by intertextuality? what is hybridity? |
Intertextuality- is having a direct or indirect reference to another text.a example of this is pixar movies which appeal to kids but also attract adults due to the references found within the movie. Hybridity- is involving more elements such as genre(mixture) to attract a wider audience. |
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what is the difference between Denotation and Connotation? |
Denotation= what is shown (font, colour, images, layout, Connotation= what the image might mean to you or others |
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what is Anchorage ? |
Anchorage- is limiting the amount of meanings to an image.-used in media to attach meaning to something through either the matching of words to images .
For example in advertising, an image alone is polysemic-open to a range of interpretations. To clarify what the image means and so to make the image relevant to the purpose of the advert, text can be added to give further explanation. |
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what is meant by Codes and Conventions? |
Codes and Convention/ Genre- is what you might expect to see, read or hear in the type of media shown.these are the common trends that are seen in similar platforms.
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AUDIENCE terminology |
a |
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(AUDIENCE) terminology
what is meant by a Demographic? what is the difference between a Passive audience and a Active audience? |
Demographic- is who your audience is based on age or gender or interest. Active audience-is not accepting the media they see but interpreting it there own way Passive audience-is a audience that doesn't observe or respond to the media |
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Can you explain what the Effects Theory/Hypodermic model is? |
Effects theory/ hypodermic model-is how media can affect society and how society can affect the media. this links to the hypodermic model as it assumes the audience is injected with ideas based on the media and isn't able to assure its true.
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what is the Uses and Gratification theory? |
Uses and Gratification theory focuses on what there audience do with the media rather then what it does to them.it assumes that the media is consumed for Entertainment, Escapism diversion and personal identity.
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what is the cultivation theory? |
Cultivation theory- this theory focuses on the long term effects the media have on there audience on how they perceive the world. this can also be refereed as the 'drip drip effect' |
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what is the dependence theory?
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Dependence theory-assumes that the audience is to reliant on the media text to be able to make there own judgments on the world. |
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what is Encoding and Decoding? |
encoding is media that is being produced and decoding is the way the audience interpret it this uses the uses and gratification theory and assume that the audience arnt all completely active but is split into two groups which are Preferred reading-accepting the media and Oppositional-recognize what they mean but refuse to accept it. Dominant reading- |
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(INSTITUTION) Terminology |
a |
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what is regulation? |
a |
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How are newspapers funded? |
the newspapers are funded mostly through advertising as 70/80% of revenue is made from it. *It is also funded through sales(newspapers) *and subscriptions therefor it is really reliant on sales, as if it falls the money used to advertise will be wasted. |
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how are newspapers regulated? |
it is regulated by the press complaints commission or (PCC) and they act like a independent regulator that take in complaints from the community and tries to correct and replace mistakes in newspapers to make it as accurate as possible. they can even fine them! |
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what is BARB? what do they do?regualtion |
BARB stands for (broadcasters audience research board) it is a organisation that provides measurements of the UK television audiences. this helps analyse which programme gets viewed and what type of audiences they will be. |
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why is it important of BARB to keep track of viewing figures? |
it allows: *able to measure the success of a program. *this allows them to schedule programs *able to provide advertisement to the programs that are viewed most. *allows them to see which programs are suited for product placement. *allows programs to be sponsored if its popular. |
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how are television regulated? what is Of com? |
of com stands for- office of communications, it is a government approved regulatory authority for the telecommunication industry for the UK! they also investigate complains from the public about the contents in TV/radio. |
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what are the main duties of OFCOM? |
main duties *they make sure that a wide range of electronic communication services are available in the UK *a wide range of high quality television and radio programmes are provided. *that people that watch/listen to radio or TV are protected from offensive material. *protect people from being treated unfairly and that there privacy is not invaded. |
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what are media conglomerate?
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a media conglomerate is a international organisation that owns a lot of media companies around the world. examples are Disney, time warner and news crop |
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what is mainstream media? what is the difference between mainstream and Niche audience? can you give examples? |
are media such as music films and tv shows that are viewed/brought or listened by a mass audience. example of mainstream media are BBC, ITV, The Sun and disney. |
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what are ways that the media generate revenue?
what is public service broadcasting? |
revenue methods •subscription •sponsorship •advertisement revenue •merchandise •cover price is providing there audience with a mix of programs that can appeal to a broader audience. |
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what are independent companies and what problems do they face? |
they are companies that are not owned by larger organisations, a ex could be domino's and red bus however it is very hard for them to compete against major companies due to there low budget therefore they usually aim at a niche audience. |
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why is the newspaper industry changing? and how are they keeping up name reasons? |
the newspaper industry is changing to keep up with the new technology. they have changed to allow users to receive the news in different ways.such as presenting it digitally on the news or on websites and mobile apps that can be downloaded. |
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what changes has occurred in the television industry? |
changes *increase in the number of channels to be able to provide more options *high definition in TVs such as 4k *TVs has introduced 3D *they have added on services such as a red button, on demand. |
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how do they reach out to their audience? (newspaper + TV) How has technology allowed audiences to interact? |
they conduct *questionnaires *focus groups *vox pops- talking to people TV voting games social networking-twitter apps on mobile phones. |
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what is imperialism? |
media imperialism suggest that smaller countries are losing there identity due to the large dominance of the media and how they are able to manipulate the content other people see around them. |
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(REPRESENTATION) Terminology? |
d |
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what is stereotyping? |
is being judged based towards Appearance, Behavior and how different they are to what they think is normal. More Stereotypes age, gender, nationality, sexuality, disability, race. |
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stereotyping in media- when we encounter a media text we are given a version of reality that we take in to be real discarding if it could be manipulated. which is a form of meditation and the way it can be recognized is through Selection-controlling/editing content, Organisation and Focusing. |
Stuart halls view on representation- he believed that when we represent something we create a replica that makes sense to use like the role of the media of how they represent society. Q=is the media fair?, can this really be the case? Stuart hall intentional view on rep-the most important thing about representing is the person doing it as they are giving in there views.this can link into the media on how they will represent there content if it may be truth or bias. His Constructionist view-he believed we can never trust the things that represented to us as its never the truth as its giving you a view of what they want you to hear or see which ignores your own ability to make up your own mind. |
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what are pluralism views on Representation ? |
Pluralist believed that there is no such thing as a 'strong stereotype' as the audience has the power to make up there own minds hence the idea of representation and they believe that it depends on how much they see and hear the stereotyping in order to effect them. |
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Ideology-is a world view of values, attitudes and beliefs which a individual or group believe that is shared in society or culture. ideology in Representation- are the implicit(not clear) and explicit(clearly stated) values expressed to the audiences through the media text of stereotyping. |
Marginalization-is a social process of being made to appear to worth less within society such as social class.within the media some social classes are given less coverage of what they believe. |
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What is Marxism view on media? |
Marxism- is a economic and social/political world view. Marxist believes that the media content is mainly created for Escapism and entertainment where the system on the way we live isn't looked at. |
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WHAT is MEANT by HEGEMONY? |
Hegemony-is a way in which those in power maintain their control. Dominant ideologies are considered hegemonic as they are strongly believed and spread by the mass media.
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