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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is inheritance of acquired characteristics and who proposed it? |
If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment. Those changes are passed on to its offspring. Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of acquired characteristics. |
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Define adaptation |
Adaptation is a characteristic that allows survival accumulated diverse modifications |
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Define artificial selection |
Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurence of desirable traits in The Offspring |
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Define extinction |
It is the state or process of a species family or larger group being or becoming extinct |
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Define natural selection |
It is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
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What are the limits of natural selection |
There has to be struggling life is hard and limited resources. Organisms produce more offspring than Will Survive. Inherited variability |
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Who created identical theories of natural selection |
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace |
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Define fossils |
Fossils are imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past |
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How do fossils form |
They formed by layers of compressed rock called strata |
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What branch of science studies ancient organisms by use of fossil specimens |
Paleontology |
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What are homologies |
Homology is the study of similarity coming from common ancestry |
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What is an evolutionary tree |
An evolutionary tree is a branching diagram that shows the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species |
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How can species be the defined? |
The biological species concept defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and nature and produce fertile offspring. The morphological species concept classifies organisms based on observable physical trait and can be applied to asexual organisms and fossils. The ecological species concept defines a species buy an ecological niche and focuses on unique adaptations to particular rolls in a biological community. The phylogenetic genetic species concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form branch of the Tree of Life. |
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Define population |
Population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed |
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Define gene pool |
Gene pool consist of all copies of every type of allele, at every locus, in all members of the population |
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Define microevolution |
Microevolution is the change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population over a number of generations Kama occurring on a small scale |
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What factors influence genetic variation? |
Gene flow, mutations, sexual reproduction, changes in the environment |
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Define mutation |
a change in the dna sequence |
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What are the different types of natural selection |
Directional selection shifts the overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes. Stabilizing selection favors intermediate phenotypes. Disruptive selection typically occurs when environmental conditions vary in a way that favors individuals at both ends of a phenotype range over individuals with the intermediate phenotypes |
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Describe the hardy weinberg equation. |
P^2+2pq+q^2=1 p=dominant allele, q=recessive allele, p^2=homo. Dominant, q^2= homo. Recess.,pq=hetero. Domin. |
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What conditions must a population meet for the hardy weinberg equation to apply to it. |
1. A very large population, 2. No gene flow between populations,3. No mutations, 4. Random mating, 5. No natural selection. |
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How is the hardy weinberg equation useful in our lives |
It helps us predict allele frequency |
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Define genetic drift |
Genetic drift is chance events that can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. |
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Define gene flow |
Gene flow is when allele frequencies in a population change |
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What is the founder effect |
The founder effect is when a few individual colonize an island or other new habitat |
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What is the bottleneck effect |
The bottleneck effect leads to a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced |
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What is allele frequencies |
How much that allele is present |
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What is Fitness in evolutionary terms and how much it increase |
It is the allele that is best for survival. population passes the allele on to their offspring |
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How can natural selection be graphed |
Stabilizing directional and disruptive |
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Define frequency-dependent selection |
Frequency-dependent selection is a type of balancing selection that maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population |
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Define taxonomy |
Taxonomy is a system of naming and classifying species |
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Know the different types of reproductive barriers and how each is described |
Prezygotic Barriers in habitat isolation there is a lack of opportunity for me to encounter each other. In temporal population there is breeding at different times four seasons. And behavioral isolation failure to send or receive appropriate signals in mechanical physical incompatibility of reproductive parts. In gametic isolation,molecular incompatibility of eggs and sperm or pollen and stigma. Postzygotic Barriers in reduced hybrid viability interaction of Parental genes impairs the hybrid development or survival. In reduced hybrid fertility hybrids are vigorous but cannot produce viable offspring . In hybrid breakdown hybrid are viable and fertile but their offspring are feeble or sterile. |
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Describe biogeography |
Biogeography is the study of the past and present distribution of organisms |
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Define sympatric and allopatric speciation |
Allopatric speciation Initial block 2 Gene flow may come from a geographic barrier that isolate a population. Sympatric speciation occurs when a new species around arises within the same geographic area as its parent species |
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What is polyploidy and how might it arise |
polyploidy is when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes it can arise sympatric speciation |
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What are hybrid zones.how do scientists study to better understand speciation |
Hybrid zone is regions in which members of different species meet and mate producing at least some hybrid offspring |
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How rapidly does speciation occur |
It can occur by punctuated equilibrium which describes the long periods of little apparent morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. it can also be gradual where species slowly changes over time. |
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Define adaptive radiation |
Adaptive radiation is the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor |
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Define gradualism |
Gradualism is one species appear to have diverged gradually over time |
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Define exaptations |
Evolve for one purpose and then develop a new function |
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Define paedomorphism |
Is the rentention in the adult body structures that were juvenile features in an ancestral species |
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What are the earliest fossils and how old are they describe the early Earth form in atmospheric evolution |
They are prokaryotes and they are 3.5 billion years old. The oldest eukaryote is 1.8 billion years old. Early Earth was hot from meteorites and compaction of gravity. The atmosphere was thick from water vapor including nitrogen and his oxide carbon dioxide methane ammonia hydrogen hydrogen sulfide |
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Define the divisions of the geologic record |
Hadean, archaean, proterozoic, phanerozoic |
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What is the theoretical progression of continental drift? What is tectonic plate? What are the layers of the Earth? |
Continental drift is movements in the mantle cause plates to move. Tectonic plates are a regular plates at essentially float on the underlying mantle. The layers of the Earth are crust, mantle,outer core, and inner core. |
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What are the major geologic Lane supported incidences of mass extinction and what evidence supports which of these theories. |
The Permian mass extinction occur. 251 million years ago it defines the boundary between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic Era it claimed 96% of marine animal species and took a tremendous toll on terrestrial life all caused by volcanic eruption. The Cretaceous mass extinction was about 65 million years ago it cars the loss of more than half of all marine species and many lean agents of terrestrial plants and animals it resulted in the function of almost all of the dinosaurs that burns and was likely caused by a large asteroid |
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What is phylogeny and what is systematics |
Phylogeny is The evolutionary history of a species or group of species. Systematics is a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
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What is meant by convergent evolution? How does that relate to the term analogy? |
Convergent evolution and similarities between similar adaptations favored by Common environment. Similarity due to convergent evolution is called analogy |
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What is binomial nomenclature? What is a tax on? |
Binomial nomenclature is the system used for naming organisms by genus and species. Each taxonomic unit is a taxon |
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What are homologous and analogous structures? What do they show it in evolutionary sense? |
Homologous are similarities due to Shared ancestry evolving from the same structure in a common ancestor and all his structures look the same but do not share a common ancestor |
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What is a cladogram Define the following terms related to put District Claymont electric shared derived characters shared primitive character in-group out-group in parsimony |
A cladogram is a branching diagram showing the Cloud District relationship between the number of species. Played as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. Want to slap dick means single tribe. Share drop characters is unique evolutionary novelty. Shared primitive character memes originated from an ancestor. And groups the taxes is phylogeny is being investigated. Out-groups is a species from a lineage that is known to have the marriage before the lineage that includes in group. Parisomony the adoption of the simplest explanation for observed phenomena |
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How can molecular biology use to study the systamatics |
It uses DNA and other molecules to infer relatedness |
