Unit 3 Exam

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

learning to make a reflex to a stimulus than the original stimulus

Front 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 2

automatically and naturally triggers a response (UCS)

Front 3

Unconditioned Response

Back 3

a reflex response to a naturally occurring stimulus (UCR)

Front 4

neutral stimulus

Back 4

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response (NS)

Front 5

conditioned stimulus

Back 5

originally NS that, after association with UCS, causes to trigger a CR (CS)

Front 6

conditioned response

Back 6

a learned response to a CS (CR)

Front 7

stimulus generalization

Back 7

the tendency to respond to a stimulus similar to the CS with the CR

Front 8

stimulus discrimination

Back 8

not making a generalized response to a stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the CS

Front 9

extinction

Back 9

when the UCS doesn't follow the CS, the CR disappears

Front 10

spontaneous recovery

Back 10

after a rest period, an extinguished CR returns briefly

Front 11

higher-ordering conditioning

Back 11

having a second CS trained and involved

Front 12

conditioned emotional response

Back 12

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli (CER)

Front 13

vicarious conditioning

Back 13

Classical conditioning of a reflex response by watching another person's reaction

Front 14

biological preparedness

Back 14

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations with only one or few pairings due to survival learning

Front 15

stimulus substitution

Back 15

theory by Pavlov that CC occurs because CS became a substitute for the US by pairing them closely

Front 16

cognitive perspective

Back 16

modern theory where CC occurs because the CS provides info or expectancy about the coming of US

Front 17

operant conditioning

Back 17

learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant/ unpleasant consequences to responses

Front 18

law of effect

Back 18

we do something and enjoy it, we do it again

Front 19

operant

Back 19

any behavior that is voluntary

Front 20

reinforcement

Back 20

stimulus that increases the behavior

Front 21

reinforcers

Back 21

events/ objects that reinforce a certain behavior

Front 22

primary reinforcer

Back 22

a reinforcer that meets a basic biological need

Front 23

secondary reinforcer

Back 23

reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary response

Front 24

positive reinforcement

Back 24

reinforcer that adds or experiences a pleasurable stimulus

Front 25

negative reinforcer

Back 25

reinforcer that removes an aversive situation

Front 26

partial reinforcement effect

Back 26

behavior being reinforced part of the time

Front 27

continuous reinforcement

Back 27

behaviour being reinforced all the time

Front 28

fixes interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 28

schedule of reinforcement where interval of reinforcement and behavior is always the same

Front 29

variable interval schedule

Back 29

interval varies

Front 30

fixed ratio schedule

Back 30

fixed number of responses needed to have reinforcer

Front 31

variable ratio schedule

Back 31

ratio varies

Front 32

punishment

Back 32

reinforcer that decreases behavior

Front 33

punishment by application (positive)

Back 33

the addition of an aversive situation

Front 34

punishment by removal (negative)

Back 34

the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Front 35

discriminative stimulus

Back 35

stimulus that provides organism with a cue to make a response to obtain reinforcement

Front 36

shaping

Back 36

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior

Front 37

successive approximations

Back 37

small steps in behavior that lead to a particular goal behavior

Front 38

instinctive drift

Back 38

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Front 39

behavior modification

Back 39

use of OC techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Front 40

token economy

Back 40

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Front 41

applied behavior analysis

Back 41

form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold desired behavior

Front 42

biofeedback

Back 42

use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses

Front 43

neurofeedback

Back 43

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity to modify behavior

Front 44

latent learning

Back 44

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Front 45

insight

Back 45

the aha moment in solving a problem

Front 46

learned helplessness

Back 46

tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of repeated failures in past

Front 47

observational learning

Back 47

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Front 48

learning/performance distinction

Back 48

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of learned behavior

Front 49

thinking (cognition)

Back 49

mental activity as a person organizes and attempts to understand info and communicate info to others

Front 50

mental images

Back 50

mental representations that stand for objects or event's and have a picture-like quality

Front 51

concepts

Back 51

categories for objects, people and ideas

Front 52

superordinate concept

Back 52

the most general form of a type of concept such as "animal" or "fruit"

Front 53

basic-level type

Back 53

an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog" and "cat"

Front 54

subordinate concept

Back 54

the most specific category of a concept, such as your pet dog

Front 55

formal concepts

Back 55

concepts that are defined by specific rules or features

Front 56

natural concepts

Back 56

concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world

Front 57

prototype

Back 57

an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept

Front 58

problem solving

Back 58

progress of cognition to solve a problem by thinking/behaving in certain ways

Front 59

algorithms

Back 59

specific step by step procedure for problem solving

Front 60

heuristic

Back 60

educated guess based on prior experiences to narrow down possible solutions, rule of thumb

Front 61

representative heuristic

Back 61

assumption that an object sharing same characteristics with members of a category is a member of that category

Front 62

availability heuridtic

Back 62

based judgements on how easy it is to think of instances

Front 63

means-end analysis

Back 63

the difference between starting situation and goal is determined and steps are taken to reduce that difference

Front 64

functional fixedness

Back 64

thinking of an object in its traditional sense or usual use

Front 65

mental set

Back 65

persistently using a problem-solving pattern that worked in the past

Front 66

confirmation bias

Back 66

tendency to search for evidence that fits one's belief while ignoring contrary evidence

Front 67

creativity

Back 67

process of problem-solving by combining ideas of behavior in new ways

Front 68

convergent thinking

Back 68

there is one solution for a problem; uses logic and prior knowledge

Front 69

divergent thinking

Back 69

the ability to generate many different solutions to a problem