Unit 3 Ans

Front 1

CNS

Back 1

brain and spinal cord

Front 2

PNS

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System

-Somatic nervous system-Voluntary muscles

-Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
divided into SNS Sympathetic nervous system (Adrenergic) and PSNS Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)

Front 3

5 Steps to Synaptic transmission
Step 1

Back 3

1. Neurotransmitter synthesis- neurotransmitters are made in the cell body
Drugs can increase or decrease transmitter synthesis.

Front 4

5 Steps to Synaptic transmission
Step 2

Back 4

2. Neurotransmitter storage- A continuous supply is needed in order for impulses to travel rapidly. They are stored in the vesicles.
Drugs can interfere by depleting the # of vesicles available

Front 5

5 Steps to Synaptic transmission
Step 3

Back 5

3. Transmitter release-Triggered by an action potential or nerve impulse. The impulse causes the vesicle to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
Drugs can promote or inhibit the release of the neurotransmitter

Front 6

5 Steps to Synaptic Transmission
Step 4

Back 6

4. Neurotransmitter binding with the receptor- after transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft it undergoes reversible binding on the post-synaptic cell.
Drugs interfere with this binding by causing activation or blocking of these receptors

Front 7

5 Steps to Synaptic Transmission
Step 5

Back 7

5. Termination of Action- Action needs to be stopped either by reuptake or breakdown by an enzyme. This allows receptor to be free and open for new messages.
Drugs interfere with the reuptake or the enzyme that breaks down the Neurotransmitter.

Front 8

Acetylcholine

Back 8

Triggers muscle contraction. In the central nervous system it is involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, and aggression.
PT's with Alzheimer's disease have 90% less acetylcholine in the brain.

Front 9

Norepinephrine

Back 9

Responsible for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Also causes blood vessels to contract and heart rate to increase.

Brings nervous system into high alert. Prevalent in sympathetic nervous system. Increases HR and BP. Adrenal glands release it into the blood stream along with epinephrine (AKA adrenalin). Also important in forming memories.

Stress depletes store of adrenalin and exercise increases it.

Amphetamines work by releasing or increasing the release of norepinephrine

Front 10

Epinephrine

Back 10

Regulates attention, mental focus, arousal, and cognition.

Non-selective agonist of all the adrenergic receptors (Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, and Beta 2)

Front 11

Dopamine

Back 11

An INHIBITORY transmitter. Has a number of important functions in the brain, this includes regulation of motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal.

It is associated with reward mechanisms of the brain.
Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, opium and heroin all increase levels of dopamine

Front 12

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Back 12

an INHIBITORY transmitter

Front 13

Serotonin

Back 13

Another INHIBITORY transmitter. Functions to regulate body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite and pain

Front 14

SNS Presynaptic receptors

Back 14

Nicotinic
Chemical messenger: Acetylcholine
Alpha (a2)

Front 15

SNS Postsynaptic receptors

Back 15

Alpha (a1)
Beta (B1 and B2)
Chemical messenger: Norepinephrine

Front 16

PSNS Presynaptic receptors

Back 16

Nicotinic
Chemical messenger: Acetylcholine

Front 17

PSNS Post synaptic receptors

Back 17

Muscarinic
Chemical Messenger: Acetylcholine

Front 18

Sympathetic nervous system functions

Back 18

-Regulating the cardiovascular system
-Regulating body temperature
-Implementing the "Fight or Flight" reaction by
*increase heart rate and BP
*Dilate bronchi for increased oxygen
*Dilate pupils (see threat better)
*Shunt blood flow into skeletal muscles

Front 19

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 19

Slow heart
Increase gastric secretions
Emptying of the bladder
Emptying of the bowel
Focusing eye for near vision
Constricting the pupil
Constricting the bronchial smooth muscle

Front 20

Catecholamines

Back 20

Cannot be given via oral route (liver breaks it down)
Short half life
Cannot cross BBB
Solutions should be clear and colorless (Discard if pink or brown)


Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Norepinephrine (Levophed)
Dopamine
Dobutamine (Dobutrex)

Front 21

2 classes of Adrenergic agonists

Back 21

Catecholemines and Noncatecholamines

Front 22

Noncatecholamines

Back 22

Can be given oral route
Longer duration of action
More able to cross BBB

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Tetrahydrozoline (Tyzine)
Ephedrine
Albuterol (Proventil)
Phenylephrine (Afrin)

Front 23

Activating Alpha 1 Receptors

Alpha 1 Agonists

Back 23

Vasoconstriction in the periphery (blood vessels in the skin)