Pharmacology - Ans

Front 1

What is functionally homologous to sympathetic ganglion, innervated by preganglionic fibers from spinal cord, does not have does not have postsynaptic neuron?

what does it secrete?

Back 1

adrenal medulla

Secretory chromaffin cells are present to release norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 2

Where do preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine on to?

Back 2

nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neurons or adrenal medulla

Front 3

Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine onto what?

Back 3

adrenergic receptors in the effector tissue

Front 4

What are adrenergic receptors?

Back 4

alpha
beta

Front 5

Normally the postganglionic fiber of parasympathetic nerve terminal releases ACH, whats the exception?

Back 5

erectile tissue of genitalia

Front 6

PS preganglionic neuron is short or long?

PS postganglionic neuron is short or long?

Back 6

long


short

Front 7

sympathetic preganglionic neuron is short or long?

sympathetic postganglionic neuron is short or long?

Back 7

short


long

Front 8

Neurotransmitter for Sympathetic
preganglion

Sympathetic neuroeffector junctions release what neurotransmitter
EXCEPTION??

Back 8

Acetylcholine

norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter

>exception: sweat glands in humans (acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter)

Front 9

What originates from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord?

Back 9

Preganglionic neurons originates from the midbrain, medulla oblongata and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral out flow).

Front 10

What is the neurotransmitter responsible for penile erection?

Back 10

Nitric oxide

Front 11

What is the principal supraspinal site which involves the modulation of both sympathetic and PS out flow traffic such as blood pressure, body temperature, sleep-awake responses, carb metabolism, and emotions?

Back 11

hypothalmus

Front 12

What are the drugs that can provoke the physiological responses as that of endogenous adrenergic mediators, epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Back 12

adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics

Front 13

stimulating adrenergic receptors
indirectly by release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons

Back 13

adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics work

Front 14

What is the rate limiting step for the synthesis of norepinephrine?

Back 14

tyrosine if transported by a Na+ linked carrier into the axoplasm of adrenergic neuron, where is it hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme to DOPA

Front 15

Where does the synthesis of norepinephrine occur?

Back 15

in the cytoplasm of adrenergic neuron

Front 16

Dopamine is transported into the synaptic vesicle by ______ and is then converted to what? BY WHAT ENZYME?

Back 16

transported into the synaptic vesicle by <anion transported system>
then converted to <norepinephrine> by dopamine beta hydroxylase enzyme

Front 17

Action potential arriving at the nerve terminal triggers an influx of what?

Back 17

calcium ions from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm of neurons

Front 18

The increase of calcium in the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm of neurons causes vesicles to fuse with the adrenergic cell membrane and to release what?

Back 18

norepinephrine by exocytosis

Front 19

Which receptor is present on post synaptic membrane?

Back 19

alpha 1 receptors

Front 20

Nitric Oxide has effects in: (3)

What part of neuron released from?

Back 20

* responsible for penile erection is nitric oxide.
* also has GI and vascular effects.

(Note: these autonomic nerves release Nitric oxide from postganglionic terminal end at effector junction.)

Front 21

Most important components of ANS are _____ nerve tracts

Back 21

EFFERENT out flow tracts nerve tracts which supply motor innervation to visceral structure.

Front 22

Catecholamines

Back 22

epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine,

Front 23

What class of drugs are not effective orally because they undergo metabolism by conjugation and oxidation in the GI mucosa and liver?

Back 23

Catecholamines

Front 24

When should administering dopamine be avoided?

Back 24

in patients recieving MAO inhibitors or taking tricyclic antidipressants

Front 25

What should happen before dopamine is given to patients in shock?

Back 25

hypovolemia should be corrected by transfusion of whole blood, plasma, etc.

Front 26

Why is absorption of catecholamines very slow subQ?

Back 26

Causes local vasoconstriction

Front 27

What two enzymes metabolize epinephrine?

Back 27

COMT (catechol O-methyl transferase)
MAO (mono amine oxidase)
excreted in the urine

Front 28

Epinephrine injection is available in what concentrations?

Back 28

1:1,000
1:10,000

Front 29

What are some therapeutic uses of catecholamines?

Back 29

Relieve respiratory distress due to bronchospasm
Hypotension
Cardiac effects
Rapid relief of hypersensitivity rxn to drugs
PROLONGS the action of *local anesthetic drugs* (b/c of vasoconstrictiing affect)
Topical hemostatic agent on bleeding surfaces

Front 30

What are some adverse effects of catecholamines?

Back 30

fear, anxiety
Hypertension with headache
Cerebral haemorrhage
Cardiac arrhythmia
Necrosis of tissue

Front 31

When are catecholamines contraindicated?

Back 31

In pregnancies (incuces contraction of uterus)

Front 32

What neurotransmitter is responsible for regulation of movement (motor activity) and is a substrate for both MAO and COMT?

Back 32

Dopamine

Front 33

At low concentrations what receptor does dopamine interact with?

Back 33

D1-dopaminergic receptors

Front 34

What effect does dopamine have on the body at low concentrations?

Back 34

Increases GFR
Increases renal blood flow
Increases Na excretion

Front 35

At medium-high doses what receptor does dopamine interact with?
What affect does it have on body?

Back 35

B1 receptors, exerts positive inotropic effect on myocardium

Front 36

At very high concentrations what receptor does dopamine interact with?

Back 36

Alpha1 adrenergic receptors, vasoconstriction

Front 37

How is dopamine hydrochloride administered?

Back 37

IV only

Front 38

What are some therapeutic uses of dopamine?

Back 38

Treatment of shock
Beneficial to patients with oliguria

Front 39

Dopamine hydrochloride is used only by what route?

Back 39

IV only

Front 40

At medium-high doses what receptor does dopamine interact with?

Back 40

B1 receptors, exerts positive inotropic effect on myocardium

alpha-1 at very high