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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oculomotor nuclei (eye opening) and all thalamic nuclei; have an excitatory effect on thalamic neurons projecting to cerebral cortex
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Where do the cholinergic neurons of the reticular activating system project?
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Cholinergic neurons close to the locus ceruleus
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Which neurons are involved in the rapid eye movements of REM sleep?
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Compression of the posterior cerebral artery
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How might an uncal herniation lead to infarct in the occipital lobe?
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The tissue is pale, soft and swollen; indistinct corticomedullary junctionf
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A patient has had an infarct. What is grossly happening to the tissue in the first 48 hours?
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Minimal change
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A patient has had an infarct. What is happening to the tissue grossly in the first six hours?
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2-10 days
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How long after an infarct does the brain become gelatinous and friable and the border between normal and abnormal tissue become more distinct?
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10 days - 3 weeks
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How much time after an infarct does brain tissue become a cystic cavity with liquefied tissue?
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First 12 hours
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Microscopically, ow long after an infarct would you see red neurons (neurons showing injury)?
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Up to 48 hours
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Microscopically, how long after an infarct would you see neutrophilic infiltration peak?
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Phagocytic cells derived from circulating monocytes and microglial cells are seen and over the next 2-3 weeks are the predominant cell type.
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Microscopically, what happens 48+ hours after an infarct?
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1 week after the event
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Microscopically, how long is it until you see reactive astrocytosis occur?
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Months
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Microscopically, how long does it take for an infarct to leave behind a meshwork of glial fibers, new capillaries and perivascular connective tissue?
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Myobacterium tuberculosis
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What is the most common cause of chronic meningitis?
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Treponema pallidum
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A patient presents with signs of chronic meningitis. You identify a spirochete in a sexually promiscuousness patient's fluid analysis.
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Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
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A patient presents with signs of chronic meningitis and third nerve palsy.
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What is the most common cause of fungal meningitis?
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Cryptococcus neoformans; fungal meningitis; spherical thick capsulel confirmed by india ink
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A patient decided he wanted to super chill and smoked some pigeon droppings. He later presents with signs of chronic meningitis. Likely etiology?
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Arthroconidia (infectious fungal spores) are released from hyphae and inhaled -> become spherules that produce ENDOSPORES
Coccidoides |
Describe the mechanism of infection of San Joaquin fever (CA) or Valley Fever?
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Transmission route is by inhalation of microconidia which germinate into yeast that remain localized or disseminate hematogenously; chronic meningitis
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How would you describe the transmission of histoplasma capsulatum?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Microscopically you see small narrow oval budding yeasts (SNOBY) INSIDE macrophages
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Acanthamoeba (weeks)
Naelgeria (days) |
A patient presents with an altered sense of taste and smell. Microscopically you see protozoan amoebas.
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Blastomycosis; states east of the mississippi river and central american.
Blasto Buds Broadly |
Which organism is characterized by broad based budding yeast?
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Parvoviridae
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What is the only single stranded DNA virus?
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Herpes virus
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Enveloped, DS (-) linear DNA
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Parvovirus
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Nonenveloped, ss (-) linear DNA
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Polyamavirus
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Nonenveloped, ds (-) circular DNA
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