Unit 2: Objective 3

Front 1

what 2 simple maneuvers are important principles in body mechanics that can decrease the MS strain?

Back 1

1. when individuals spread their feet apart (broadening the base of support)
2. Flex the hips and knees (lowering the center of gravity)

Front 2

The muscles of the _____ are less strong and more easily injured when used improperly.

Back 2

back

Front 3

•Use the weight of the body as a force for pulling or pushing, by rocking on the feet or leaning forward or backward. This reduces the amount of strain placed on the arms and the back.
•Slide, roll, push, or pull an object, rather than lift it, to reduce the energy needed to lift the weight against the pull of gravity
.•Use the weight of the body to push an object by falling or rocking forward and to pull an object by falling or rocking backward
.•Push rather than pull equipment when possible. Keep arms close to your body and push with your whole body, not just your arms.

Back 3

proper way to pick up an object

Front 4

Factors affecting mobility include:

Back 4

•Alterations in muscles.
•Injury to the musculoskeletal system.
•Abnormal posture.
•Mobility and Immobility
•Impaired central nervous system.
•Health status and age.
•Changes that occur in body systems

Front 5

Nurse Responsibility:
When assessing a patient’s response to a mobility deficit:

Back 5

-Reinforce behaviors that promote healthy functioning
(eg, congratulate a patient who manages transfers well despite left-sided weakness or paralysis)
-Correct behaviors that compound the mobility deficit overtime
(eg, a patient with arthritis who severely restricts movement because of joint stiffness and tenderness learns successful adaptive strategies that can be shared with other patients and families; or energy-conservation measures are used by patients with emphysema who have greatly decreased activity tolerance)

Front 6

kyphosis

Back 6

increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine

Front 7

Nursing responsibilities when assesing for immobility

Back 7

•Early detection of and referral for these problems
•Exploration and selection of patient education, counseling, and support as
treatment options
•Careful attention to positioning, transfers, and exercise
•Education of the patient and family regarding safe self-care activities

Front 8

chondroplasia

Back 8

pre-mature bone ossification leads to dwarfism

Front 9

osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 9

characterized by excessively brittle bones and multiple fractures both at birth and later in life

Front 10

a group of genetically transmitted disorders that share a common progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscles.

Back 10

muscular dystrophies

Front 11

3 Problems Affecting Joint Mobility

Back 11

Inflammation, degeneration, and trauma

Front 12

The pyramidal pathways convey voluntary motor impulses from the brain through the spinal cord by way of two major pathways:

Back 12

(1) the pyramidal pathway and (2) the extra-pyramidal pathway.

Front 13

Nurse's commonly prescribed exercises

Back 13

jogging, tennis, walking

Front 14

Deviations in body alignment may result from: (5)

Back 14

-a person’s mental and emotional status
-chronic poor posture
-trauma
-muscle damage
-nerve dysfunction

Front 15

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The head is held____

Back 15

erect

Front 16

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The face is held in ____ postion
(____ the feet)

Back 16

foward
toward

Front 17

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

the chest is held ____ and _____

Back 17

upward and foward

Front 18

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The spinal column is _____ and the curves of the spine are within ________.

Back 18

upright
normal limits

Front 19

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The abdominal muscles are held
______and the buttocks ______

Back 19

upward
downward

Front 20

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The knees are _______—not bent or hyperextended in the knee-locked position

Back 20

extended

Front 21

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:



The feet are at ______ to the lower legs.

Back 21

right angles

Front 22

A patient’s body is in correct body alignment when:

The line of gravity goes through the _____ of the knees and in front of the ankle joints.

Back 22

center

Front 23

The base of support is on the _______, and weight is distributed through the soles and _____

Back 23

soles
heels

Front 24

Common Devices to Promote Correct Alignment

Back 24

::Pillows
::Mattress
::Adjustable Beds
::Bed Side Rails
::Trapeze Bar
::Sandbags

Front 25

____ bones contribute to height and weight

Back 25

long

Front 26

_____ bones cpntribute to movement

Back 26

short

Front 27

_____ bones are relatively thin and contribute to shape

Back 27

flat

Front 28

6 types of movable joints

Back 28

-ball-and-socket
-condyloid
-gliding
-hinge
-pivot
-saddle

Front 29

what type of joint is where the rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity in another?

Back 29

ball-and-socket

Front 30

what type of joint is where the oval head of one bone fits into a shallowcavity of another bone?

Back 30

condyloid joint

Front 31

what joint is a spool-like surface of one bone that fits into a con-cave surface of another bone?

Back 31

hinge

Front 32

what joint acts as a ring like structure that movement is limited to rotation, for example, turning a doorknob

Back 32

pivot

Front 33

what joint is where bone surfaces are convex on one side and con-cave on the other?

Back 33

saddle joint

Front 34

ough fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind jointstogether and connect bones and cartilage.

Back 34

ligaments

Front 35

trong,flexible, inelastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of con-nective tissue that attach muscle to bone.

Back 35

tendons

Front 36

ardnonvascular connective tissue found in the joints as well as inthe nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx.

Back 36

cartilage

Front 37

3 types of muscles

Back 37

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 38

name 3 important fx's for the body through contraction:

Back 38

motion
maintenance of posture
heat production

Front 39

the efficient use of the body as a machineand as a means of locomotion

Back 39

body mechanics

Front 40

refers to the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion

Back 40

orthopedics

Front 41

the term used to describe the state of slight contraction—the usual state of skeletal muscles

Back 41

tonus

Front 42

permanent contraction of a muscle

Back 42

contractures

Front 43

_____ exercise when a pt independently moves joints thru their full range of motion

Back 43

isotonic

Front 44

to assess a pt's mobility:

assess ____ capability

assess _____ tone and _____

observe for ____

monitor ____

monitor nutritional intake for ___

monitor use of assistive devices to assist with___

Back 44

ROM
muscle; mass
contractures
gait
calcium
ADL's

Front 45

describe how immobility affects the CV system:

Back 45

- ^ cardiac workload

- ^ risk for orthostatic
hypotension

- ^ risk for venous thrombosis

Front 46

describe how immobility affects the resp system:

Back 46

- D depth of resp
- D rate of resp

Front 47

describe how immobility affects the GI system:

Back 47

- disturbance in appetite
- altered protein metab and digestion

Front 48

describe how immobility affects the urinary system:

Back 48

- ^ urinary stasis
- ^ risk for renal calculi
- D bladder muscle tone

Front 49

describe how immobility affects the MS system:

Back 49

- D muscle tone, strength, and size

- D joint mobility and flexibility

- D endurance, stability

Front 50

muscle shortening with active movement: running, walking, cycling

Back 50

isotonic

Front 51

muscle contraction without shortening muscle fibers

Back 51

isometric

Front 52

weight training

Back 52

isokinetic

Front 53

regular exercise produces cardiovascular responses like increased ______ of the heart.

Back 53

efficacy

Front 54

This sense of position and movement is provided by the sensory organs in the inner ear, which arestimulated by body movement (changes in head position)and transmit these impulses to the cerebellum

Back 54

Labyrinthine sense

Front 55

This informs the brainof the location of a limb or body part as a result of joint movements stimulating special nerve endings in muscles,tendons, and fascia

Back 55

proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense

Front 56

Visual impressions contribute toposture by alerting the person to spatial relationships withthe environment (nearness of ceilings, walls, furniture, con-dition of floor, etc.).

Back 56

visual or optic reflexes

Front 57

When extensor muscles arestretched beyond a certain point (eg, when knees buckleunder), their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aidsa person to reestablish erect posture (eg, straighten the knee)

Back 57

extensor or stretch reflexes

Front 58

4 problems with bone formation:

Back 58

congenital problems
nutrition-related problems
disease-related problems
age-related problems

Front 59

a weakness of the skeletal muscles caused by anabnormality at the neuromuscular junction that prevents mus-cle fibers from contracting.

Back 59

Myasthenia gravis

Front 60

the least serious soft tissue injury

Back 60

strain

Front 61

results in muscle wasting and decreased physical energy for movement and work

Back 61

negative nitrogen balance

Front 62

with cardiovascular conditioning,regular exercise produces the following benefits:

Back 62

•Increased efficiency of the heart
•Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
•Increased blood flow to all body parts
•Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks upsmall clots)

Front 63

The metabolic rate ______during exercise so that sufficientglucose and fatty acids can be converted to provide the energy needed for increased muscle function.

Back 63

increases

Front 64

decreased muscle size

Back 64

atrophy

Front 65

consolidation and immobilization of a joint

Back 65

ankylosis