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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Which elements are lipids composed of?
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C H O
Much less O than in carbohydrates |
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What types of lipids are there?
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Neutral fats/triglycerides
Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids |
4 subgroups
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Lipids are:
_________ source of energy fuel. Insulate ______ from heat loss. |
Concentrated
Deeper tissues |
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Lipids:
Protect ______ Important ___ ___ components |
Body organs
Plasma Membrane |
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Lipids:
Various types of steroids (3) Solubilize _____________. |
Vitamin D
Sex hormones Cholesterol Fat soluble vitamins |
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Lipids:
Type of Eicosanoid involved in blood clotting, inflamation, and labor contractions |
Prostaglandins; also known as 'local hormones'
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Triglyceride is composed of?
Processes by which this unit of fat is formed and split apart? |
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis |
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Describe saturated, unsaturated (mono, poly) fats.
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Saturated-solid at room temp; single bonds hold Cs
Unsaturated-liquid room temp; at least one double bond between Cs (Mono one double, Poly more than one double) |
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Cholesterol is transported through the body in what?
Explain why HDL if 'good' |
Lipoprotein packets
Transport excess cholesterol back to the liver where excreted w bile |
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Saturated fats __ LDL levels
Unsaturated fats do what? Trans fats do what? |
Increase
Decrease LDL; Increase HDL Increase LDL; Decrease HDL |
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How are Trans fats formed?
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from unsaturated fats that are hydrogenated
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What are the components of a phospholipd?
___ in cell membranes ___ insulates many neurons |
2 fatty acids and a phosphorous group
-phosphatidylcholine -sphingomyelin |
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A steroid is a ___ molecule with ___ interlocking hydrocarbon rings
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flat
4 |
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Eicosanoids are made of a ___ carbon fatty acid. They are found where?
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20
Cell membranes |
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____ _____ hormones are part of the steroid group and are involved in what?
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Adrenal cortical
calcium ion concentrations |
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Which 3 vitamins are fat soluble?
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A E K
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____ is a bile salt (steroid) that emulsifies fat.
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Lecithin
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Leukotrienes and thromboxanes are part of which lipid group
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Eicosanoids
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Collagen, Keratin and Elastin are all proteins involved in what?
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Proteins involved in structural support of the body.
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Acin and Myosin are proteins involved in what?
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Movement; these are contractile proteins
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Hemoglobin and lipoproteins are both proteins involved in What?
Plasma proteins can act as what? example... |
Proteins involved in transport
Buffers; ie albumin |
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2 proteins involved in metabolic regulation are?
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Growth hormone
Insulin |
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2 proteins involved in the body's defense are?
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Antibodies
Immunoglobulins |
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The structure of an amino acid is composed of?
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Amino group
Carboxyl group Central C and H with an R group attached |
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The secondary structure of a protein can be either ___ or ___.
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Alpha helix (spring coil)
Beta pleated sheets (folded arrangement) |
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Tertiary proteins are held together by multiple types of bonds where as 4 structure has more than 1___.
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Polypeptide chain; ie hemoglobin
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Keratin, elastin, collagen, actin and myosin are all what type of protein?
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Fibrous
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Describes structure; does not describe function
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Describe globular proteins and name 2 general categories of them.
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compact, spherical, composed of 3 and 4 structures
antibodies and hormones |
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Protein denaturation can be caused by ___ and ___. This will be irreversible if what?
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Increase in temp
Decrease in pH Lose 3 structure (active site will be messed up) |
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Biological catalysts are also known as ___. What type of protein are most of these?
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Enzymes
Globular |
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Characteristics of Enzymes are?
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Not changed by rxn; reusable
susceptible denaturation chemically specific work at optimum pHs and temps lower activation energy end in 'ase' |
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_____ is the protein part of a Holoenzyme. _____ is an ion, metal or organic molecule which is also part of the Holoenzyme.
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Apoenzyme
Cofactor (organic cofactor is called coenzyme) |
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2 mechanisms of action of an enzyme are?
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Lock and Key model; Induced fit
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A nucleotide of DNA is composed of what? What type of bonds hold the nucleotides together?
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Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar Phosphate group H bonds |
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DNA is said to undergo ____ replication because?
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Semiconservative. Half of the DNA molecule is the 'old' strand.
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RNA is __ stranded and the 3 types of RNA are?
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Single. Messenger, Transfer, Ribosomal
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ATP is composed of?
What is adenosine? |
Adenosine plus 3 phosphate groups.
Adenine plus ribose |
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ATP is represented by ___ bonds. How many kcal of energy is represented by one of these bonds?
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Squiggle (P + squiggle)
7.3-7.4 kcal |
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Functions extracellular region?
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Source nutrients/oxygen
site disposal metabolic wastes Link between the cells |
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Functions of the cytoplasm?
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Intracellular transport
Storage; nutrients, raw materials |
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Another name for intracellular transport?
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Cytoplasmic streaming
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Name the membranous organelles:
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ER
Golgi body lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria nucleus |
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Name the non-membranous organelles:
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cytoskeleton
microvilli centrioles cilia ribosomes proteosomes |
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The function of centioles:
The structure of centrioles: |
Organize microtubules of the spindle apparatus-pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis. 9 groups of microtubule triplets
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Describe a vacuole:
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membrane bound sac or vesicle
temporary storage site vesicular transport |
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Describe an inclusion:
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Non membrane bound
temporary includes glycogen granules, pigments, protein/lipid droplets |
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Describe the glycocalyx:
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made up of glycoproteins within the cell membrane
forms web outside of cell Provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another |
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Plasma membrane is made up of what?
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Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and glycolipids
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Fluid mosaic model describes what?
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The bilayer of lipids imbedded w dispersed proteins
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Functions of membrane proteins?
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Transport
Enzymatic activity Receptors for signal transduction Intercellular adhesion/guiding cellular migration Cell-cell recognition Attachment to cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix |
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What molecules are freely permeable through the phosphlipid bilayer?
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Nonpolar, uncharged molecules
O2 CO2 Steroids |
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What molecules are impermeable through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Polar, charged molecules
Ions -these pass through channels or are actively pumped across |
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How does H2O get through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Periodic gaps phospolipid bilayer
Aquaporins-transmembrane pores |
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The resting membrane potential refers to what?
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Positive/negative charges on the outside/inside of the PM
-also known as charge potential. |
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The RMP is maintained by what 3 processes
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Na/K pump
PM 75X more permeable to K than Na PM impermeable lg anionic proteins |
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Factors that influence the transport of materials across the PM:
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Size
Charge Presence of channels/transport proteins Solubility |
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Cholesterol is made where?
An ideal HDL:LDL ration would be? |
Liver
4:1 |
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